用戶:Dkzzl/沙盒2
| Nikephoros Melissenos | |
|---|---|
| Usurper of the Byzantine Empire | |
| 統治 | 1080–1081 |
| 前任 | Nikephoros III Botaneiates |
| 繼任 | Alexios I Komnenos |
| 出生 | 約1045 Dorylaeum, Byzantine Empire (modern-day Eskişehir, Turkey) |
| 逝世 | 17 November 1104 near Thessalonica, Byzantine Empire |
| 妻子 |
|
| 子嗣 | John Komnenos |
尼基弗羅斯·梅利塞諾斯（希臘語：Νικηφόρος Μελισσηνός，約1045年 – 1104年11月17日）是一位出身軍事世家的拜占庭帝國將領。11世紀60年代，他在小亞細亞、巴爾幹多地擔任總督。1071年的曼齊克特戰役之後，拜占庭帝國政局動盪，各地叛亂蜂起，他選擇忠於皇帝米海爾七世，並因而被奪位成功的尼基弗羅斯三世流放。1080-81年，在塞爾柱突厥人的支援之下，他離開流放地，控制了拜占庭在小亞細亞的殘餘領土並稱帝。1081年，他的小舅子阿萊克修斯一世發動叛亂，推翻了尼基弗魯斯三世，自己稱帝，控制了君士坦丁堡；於是他選擇取消帝號，服從阿萊克修斯一世。阿萊克修斯授予他「凱撒」頭銜，任命他為塞薩洛尼基總督。此後他保持了忠誠，參與了1081-1095年的巴爾幹戰事中的許多戰役，並於1104年11月17日去世。
生平
編輯出身、家庭、早年生涯
編輯尼基弗羅斯·梅利塞諾斯於約1045年生於多律萊翁（今土耳其埃斯基謝希爾），他的家族在此地擁有廣闊的地產。他的父母都出身軍事世家，父親屬布爾采斯（希臘語：Βούρτζης）家族，母親則出身有名的梅利塞諾斯家族，其族人8世紀就出現在歷史記載中，歷來湧現了許多有名的將領[1][2]。
1067年之前的某個時候，尼基弗羅斯與優多基婭·科穆寧娜（希臘語：Εὐδοκία Κομνηνή）結婚。優多基婭出生於約1052年，是曾任「宮內軍家內官」的約翰·科穆寧與妻子安娜·達拉塞內的次女，未來的拜占庭皇帝阿萊克修斯一世（1081-1118年在位）的姐姐。尼基弗羅斯與優多基婭可確定的孩子僅有約翰·科穆寧（官至「伴寢者」）一人[2][3][4]。
1067年時，尼基弗羅斯已擁有「總長（μάγιστρος）」之榮譽官階，並在特里阿迪扎（希臘語：Τριάδιτζα，今保加利亞索菲亞）的軍事總督（δούξ）任上[5][6]。1070年，他跟隨統帥帝國野戰部隊的大舅子曼努埃爾·科穆寧一同與塞爾柱突厥人作戰。這一年的戰事以塞巴斯泰亞（希臘語：Σεβάστεια，今錫瓦斯）附近的敗仗告終，尼基弗羅斯與曼努埃爾都被一位被拜占庭人稱為赫里索斯庫羅斯（希臘語：χρυσόσκουλος）的塞爾柱首領俘虜，不過隨後曼努埃爾說服這位首領投奔拜占庭帝國，尼基弗羅斯和他也因而恢復了自由[6][7]。
1077年10月，安納托利亞軍區將軍尼基弗羅斯·博塔內阿特斯（即後來的尼基弗羅斯三世皇帝，1078-1081年在位）起兵叛亂，而尼基弗羅斯·梅利塞諾斯則選擇忠於在位的米海爾七世皇帝（1071-1078年在位），為此米海爾七世將博塔內阿特斯的職務授予他以示獎勵。然而1078年4月博塔內阿特斯在內戰中獲勝，進入都城君士坦丁堡，梅利塞諾斯被流放至科斯島[6][8]。
叛亂
編輯1080年秋季，尼基弗羅斯·梅利塞諾斯離開科斯島，來到小亞細亞。他贏得了當地民眾的支持，並招募大批塞爾柱突厥部落民充當僱傭軍。小亞細亞西部、中部的城市陸續投降，他在各城中設置了突厥人駐軍。尼基弗羅斯三世計劃派已經為他鎮壓了老尼基弗羅斯·布林尼歐斯、尼基弗羅斯·巴西拉科斯兩個叛亂者的阿萊克修斯·科穆寧前往平叛，但阿萊克修斯不願出征。1081年2月，梅利塞諾斯的部隊奪取了尼西亞，他在那裏宣佈稱帝。 A loyalist army under the eunuch protovestiarios John, George Palaiologos and Kourtikes was sent against him, but was defeated almost without battle, and withdrew to the capital.[9][10][11][12]
In March 1081, Melissenos was encamped with his army at Damalis, on the Asian shore across the Bosporus from Constantinople. There, he received news of the revolt of the Komnenoi against Botaneiates and the proclamation of Alexios Komnenos as emperor. He sent letters to the Komnenoi, suggesting a division of authority over the imperial territory, with the Balkans remaining under Komnenian control and himself keeping Asia Minor, although he also emphasized that the Byzantine Empire should remain formally united.[9][13] In reply, the Komnenoi offered to recognize him as Caesar – the second highest dignity after the imperial title itself – and to give him the governance of Thessalonica – the Empire's second-most important city – if he would submit to them. Melissenos initially refused to accept this offer, but as the Komnenoi were on the verge of taking Constantinople and might refuse to make similar concessions later, he eventually agreed.[14][15]
At the same time, Nikephoros Botaneiates tried to forestall the capital's fall to the Komnenoi by sending for Melissenos and asking him to enter the city and assume imperial authority. His envoys, however, were obstructed by George Palaiologos and never reached Melissenos.[16] Thus Constantinople fell to the Komnenian forces, and on 8 April 1081, Melissenos too entered the imperial capital. True to his word, Alexios I raised him to Caesar and gave him authority over Thessalonica, as well as allotting the city's revenues to his income. At the same time, however, Alexios raised his brother Isaac Komnenos to the newly created dignity of sebastokrator, which he placed above that of Caesar, bypassing Melissenos.[16][17][18]
This act of submission, unique among the various rebels of the time, may throw some light on Melissenos's motivation for his uprising, according to the historian Jean-Claude Cheynet. Cheynet believes that Melissenos was probably more concerned with safeguarding his Asian estates from the depredations of the Turks rather than claiming the throne, and when Alexios granted him Thessalonica and equivalent estates around it – some of which Melissenos later distributed to his clients, like the Bourtzes family – he readily gave up the contest for the Byzantine throne.[19]
Despite the end of Melissenos's revolt, it left a profound and detrimental legacy for Byzantium: although Melissenos himself submitted to Alexios Komnenos, the towns he had occupied and garrisoned with Turkish soldiers in Ionia, Phrygia, Galatia, and Bithynia remained in their hands. Thus, by becoming involved in the Byzantine civil wars as mercenaries and allies – especially through their use by Botaneiates and Melissenos during their respective revolts to hold down various cities for them – the Turks completed their relatively peaceful take-over of central and western Asia Minor.[20][21]
阿萊克修斯一世時期
編輯Melissenos continued to serve Alexios I faithfully throughout the rest of his life.[16][22] In autumn 1081, he marched alongside Alexios in his campaign against the Italo-Normans of Robert Guiscard. In the Battle of Dyrrhachium, which ended in a crushing Byzantine defeat, he commanded the Byzantine army's right wing.[16][23][24]
In the 1083 campaign in Thessaly against the Normans, who, under Guiscard's son Bohemond were besieging Larissa, Melissenos was used by Alexios as the centerpiece to a ruse de guerre. The emperor gave him the imperial insignia and a detachment of the army, which Bohemond proceeded to attack in the belief that this was the main Byzantine force, since the emperor was present with it. While the Normans pursued Melissenos's men, Alexios with the main army took and looted the Norman camp, forcing Bohemond to lift the siege and withdraw.[25]
Melissenos fought alongside Alexios in the Battle of Dristra in late August 1087 against the Pechenegs, commanding the Byzantine left wing. The battle ended in a heavy Byzantine defeat, and Melissenos was taken captive along with many other Byzantines, to be ransomed by the emperor after some time.[23][26] In spring 1091, Melissenos was sent to Ainos to recruit soldiers from among the Bulgarians and Vlachs. Occupied with this task, he did not join the imperial army in time for the crushing Byzantine victory over the Pechenegs at the Battle of Levounion on 29 April, arriving the next day.[27]
Later in the same year, he participated in the family council of Philippopolis which examined the accusations of conspiracy raised against John Komnenos, the doux of Dyrrhachium by the Archbishop of Ochrid Theophylact. The council degenerated into a heated family quarrel, where John's father, the sebastokrator Isaac, accused Melissenos and Adrian Komnenos of slandering his son, but in the end Alexios dismissed the charges.[28][29]
In the 1095 campaign against the Cumans, Melissenos, along with George Palaiologos and John Taronites were left in charge of defending the region of Berrhoe (modern Stara Zagora) against Cuman attacks. This is the last mention of Melissenos in Anna Komnene's Alexiad, and he apparently retired to his estates around Thessalonica. He died on 17 November 1104.[23][30][31] The date of his wife's death is unknown, but was before 1136.[32]
引用
編輯- ^ ODB，"Melissenos" (A. Kazhdan), p. 1335.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Nikolia 2003，Chapter 1.
- ^ Varzos 1984，第80, 84頁.
- ^ Skoulatos 1980，第240, 244頁.
- ^ Varzos 1984，第80–81頁.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Nikolia 2003，Chapter 2.
- ^ Varzos 1984，第62–63, 81頁.
- ^ Skoulatos 1980，第240–241頁.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Skoulatos 1980，第241頁.
- ^ Nikolia 2003，Chapter 3.
- ^ Angold 1997，第119頁.
- ^ Varzos 1984，第81–82頁.
- ^ Varzos 1984，第82頁.
- ^ Skoulatos 1980，第241–242頁.
- ^ Varzos 1984，第82–83頁.
- ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Skoulatos 1980，第242頁.
- ^ Angold 1997，第128, 149頁.
- ^ Treadgold 1997，第613頁.
- ^ Cheynet 1996，第355–356頁.
- ^ Angold 1997，第119–120頁.
- ^ Vryonis 1971，第103–113頁.
- ^ Treadgold 1997，第614頁.
- ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Nikolia 2003，Chapter 4.
- ^ Angold 1997，第150頁.
- ^ Skoulatos 1980，第242–243頁.
- ^ Skoulatos 1980，第243頁.
- ^ Skoulatos 1980，第243–244頁.
- ^ Skoulatos 1980，第136, 244頁.
- ^ Varzos 1984，第83, 136–138頁.
- ^ Skoulatos 1980，第244頁.
- ^ Varzos 1984，第83–84頁.
- ^ Varzos 1984，第84頁.
來源
編輯- Angold, Michael. The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204: A Political History. London and New York: Longman. 1997. ISBN 0-582-29468-1.
- Cheynet, Jean-Claude. Pouvoir et Contestations à Byzance (963–1210). Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne. 1996. ISBN 978-2-85944-168-5 （法語）.
- 亞歷山大·卡日丹 (編). 牛津拜占庭辭典. 牛津: 牛津大學出版社. 1991. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
- Nikolia, Dimitra. Nikephoros Melissenos. Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor. Athens: Foundation of the Hellenic World. 17 October 2003 [16 February 2012].
- Skoulatos, Basile. Les personnages byzantins de l'Alexiade: Analyse prosopographique et synthèse. Louvain-la-Neuve and Louvain: Bureau du Recueil Collège Érasme and Éditions Nauwelaerts. 1980. OCLC 8468871 （法語）.
- Treadgold, Warren. A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 1997. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2 （英語）.
- Varzos, Konstantinos. Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών [The Genealogy of the Komnenoi] A. Thessaloniki: Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki. 1984. OCLC 834784634 （希臘語）.
- Vryonis, Speros. The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1971. ISBN 0-520-01597-5.
延伸閱讀
編輯- Maslev, Stoyan. Les Lettres de Théophylacte de Bulgarie à Nicéphore Mélissènos. Revue des études byzantines. 1972, 30 (30): 179–186 [16 February 2012]. doi:10.3406/rebyz.1972.1455 （法語）.