密芝根-曉倫湖
密芝根-曉倫湖(英語:Lake Michigan–Huron)也被稱為曉倫-密芝根湖(英語:Lake Huron–Michigan),是指北美洲五大湖中由密芝根湖與曉倫湖共同組成的水域。由於密芝根湖和曉倫湖通過5哩(8.0公里)寬295呎(90米)深的麥基諾水道相連接,並且兩湖水位通過水道保持相同,因此這兩個湖泊從水文學的角度講其實是一個湖。麥基諾水道中的水流方向總體而言為自西向東流動,但有時也會出現例外情況。密芝根-曉倫湖是世界上面積最大的淡水湖[1][3][4][5],但若將兩者分開來算的話,蘇必略湖才是五大湖中面積最大的那個。
密芝根-曉倫湖 Lake Michigan–Huron | |
---|---|
位置 | 美國 加拿大 |
組別 | 五大湖 |
座標 | 45°48′50″N 84°45′14″W / 45.814°N 84.754°W |
湖泊類型 | 由冰川形成的胡 |
主要流入 | 聖瑪麗河 |
主要流出 | 聖克萊爾河 |
所在國家 | 美國、加拿大 |
表面積 | 45,300 sq mi(117,300 km2)[1] |
最大深度 | 925呎(282米) |
水體體積 | 2,029 cu mi(8,460 km3) |
滯留時間 | 100年 |
岸長1 | 3,250 mi(5,230 km)+2,215 mi(3,565 km)島嶼岸長[2] |
表面海拔 | 577呎(176米) |
聚居地 | 米華基、芝加哥、沙尼亞市、奧雲灣、希博伊根、希博伊根、曉倫港和特拉弗斯城 |
1岸長衡量標準不定。 |
地質史
編輯密芝根湖與曉倫湖的湖盆大小及連通性在上一個大冰期發生了巨大的變化。勞倫斯冰蓋的移動對地形地貌產生了構建作用,並帶來了大量冰川融水,形成了諸多冰川湖。[6]在其他不同的時期,密芝根湖與曉倫湖曾經是多個湖泊,甚至部分區域屬於其他湖泊的一部分。
大約在公元前9000年,隨着冰原的消退,現今為曉倫湖和蘇必略湖的大部分地區形成了一個大湖,被地質學家稱為阿爾崑岡湖。而在其東北部,冰蓋起到了攔湖水壩的作用。[7]而在此之前,芝加哥湖位於密芝根湖盆地的南端,亦位於冰蓋的南端,其中芝加哥湖和阿爾崑岡湖皆向南流入密西西比河流域。[8]到了大約9500年前,冰川的消融令湖水獲得了向東流動的通道,斯坦利湖(曉倫湖的前身)與奇珀瓦湖(密芝根湖的前身)這兩個冰前湖得以分離,其中奇珀瓦湖的水位略高於斯坦利湖。這兩個湖泊通過麥基諾水道相連接,使得奇珀瓦湖中的水湧入斯坦利湖。[9][10]由於冰川消融及後冰期回彈導致的持續性淤地,該地區的河流系統持續改變,最終使全部三個湖盆地(蘇必爾湖盆地、密芝根湖盆地和曉倫湖盆地)重新統合為尼披盛五大湖。穩定局面持續了長達1000多年之久,直到大約4000年前除聖克萊爾河以外的其他湖泊外流口被阻塞時才終結。五大湖當前的構造正是其後冰期時代漫長演化史的體現。[6]
水深測量及水文學
編輯密芝根湖和曉倫湖通過麥基諾水道相連接,該水道有5哩(8公里)寬[11]120呎(37米)深。[12]而與之相比曉倫湖的最大深度為750呎(229米),密芝根湖的最大深度為923呎(281米)。儘管這一水道在湖岸線的輪廓上形成了明顯的瓶頸,且從測深學的角度講兩邊分屬於不同的盆地,但其寬度和深度足以令兩邊的湖水自由流動。由於水道相連的緣故,密芝根湖與曉倫湖的水位持平(在2015年6月時皆為580呎(177米))。[13]
密芝根-曉倫湖的最大流入是蘇必略湖湖水通過聖瑪麗河的流入,最大流出則是通過聖克萊爾河流向伊利湖,這兩處河口皆位於曉倫湖湖盆。[14][3]由於假潮[15]及天氣(如氣壓大小和風力)[14]等因素會對各湖盆造成一定的影響,麥基諾水道中的水流速度會隨着時間的不同而有所差異,有時在某一方向上的流速甚至超過75,000 m3/s(2,600,000 cu ft/s)並持續數個小時。[15]然而從總體而言,該水道內水流大小平均值約為1,500—2,000 m3/s(53,000—71,000 cu ft/s),水流方向向東並最終流向聖克萊爾河河口。[15]而流入密芝根-曉倫湖的聖瑪麗河水流量由國際聯合委員會通過水閘進行控制,該委員會由美加兩國共同管理。[16]
單一湖泊
編輯由於麥基諾水道的寬度及深度遠不及密芝根湖和曉倫湖,因此在歷史上密芝根湖和曉倫湖被視為兩個獨立的湖泊。例如在對湖泊深度或面積進行排名時,密芝根湖和曉倫湖經常被分開列出。[17][18][19][20][21]不過從水文學的角度上講,密芝根湖和曉倫湖屬於同一個水體,[3][4]因此有的時候會使用這兩個湖泊的總面積和體積。[22]當密芝根-曉倫湖被視為單獨一個整體時,該湖泊將會是世界上面積最大的淡水湖。[1][22][23][24]
參考文獻
編輯- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Great Lakes Map. Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. [2012-09-20]. (原始內容存檔於2015-05-04).
- ^ Shorelines of the Great Lakes. Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. (原始內容存檔於2015-04-05).
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Egan, Dan. International commission wants to look at engineering fix to boost Huron, Michigan levels. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. 2013-04-26 [2013-04-28]. (原始內容存檔於2013-04-27).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Great Lakes Sensitivity to Climatic Forcing: Hydrological Models. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2006. (原始內容存檔於2010-08-08).
Lakes Michigan and Huron are considered to be one lake hydraulically because of their connection through the deep Straits of Mackinac." Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
- ^ Hydrological Components. Record Low Water Levels Expected on Lake Superior (PDF). United States Army Corps of Engineers. August 2007: 6. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-10-15).
Lakes Michigan and Huron are considered to be one lake, as they rise and fall together due to their union at the Straits of Mackinac
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Farrand, W. R. The Glacial Lakes around Michigan (PDF). Michigan Department of Environmental Quality Geological Survey Division. 1967 [2023-05-08]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2013-05-22).
- ^ Great Lakes: Physiography. Encyclopædia Britannica. [2012-09-17]. (原始內容存檔於2014-12-16).
- ^ Larson, Grahame; Schaetzl, R. Origin and evolution of the Great Lakes (PDF). Journal of Great Lakes Research. Vol. 27 no. 4. 2001: 518–546 [2012-09-21]. doi:10.1016/S0380-1330(01)70665-X. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-10-31).
- ^ Schaetzl, Randall. Mackinac Channel. Geography of Michigan and the Great Lakes Region. Michigan State University. [2012-09-18]. (原始內容存檔於2012-01-17).
- ^ Ancient Waterfall Discovered Off Mackinac Island's Shoreline. Mackinac Island Town Crier. [2012-09-18]. (原始內容存檔於2008-07-19).
- ^ Grady, Wayne. The Great Lakes. Vancouver: Greystone Books and David Suzuki Foundation. 2007: 42–43. ISBN 978-1-55365-197-0.
- ^ Michigan and Huron: One Lake or Two?. Information Please Database. Pearson Education. 2007 [2018-07-29]. (原始內容存檔於2017-03-09).
- ^ Weekly Great Lakes Water Levels. United States Army Corps of Engineers. 2015-06-15 [2015-06-22]. (原始內容存檔於2015-05-10).
- ^ 14.0 14.1 Mortimer 2004,第59頁
- ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Saylor, James H.; Sloss, Peter W. Water Volume Transport and Oscillatory Current Flow through the Straits of Mackinac (PDF). Journal of Physical Oceanography. Vol. 6. 1976: 229–237 [2023-05-08]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2023-04-08).
- ^ Briscoe, Tony. What happens when Lake Superior has too much water?. Chicago Tribune. 2018-07-13 [2018-07-15]. (原始內容存檔於2021-06-26) (美國英語).
- ^ Likens, Gene E. (編). Historical Estimates of Limnicity. Encyclopedia of inland waters 1st. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2009. ISBN 978-0-12-088462-9. Table 1: The world's lakes >2000 km2 in area, arranged in decreasing order of lake area. See also Lakes (Formation, Diversity, Distribution) 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期2014-02-22.
- ^ Marsh, William M.; Kaufman, Martin M. Physical geography: great systems and global environments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2012-04-30. p. 399, Table 16.2: Great lakes of the world by lake type. ISBN 978-0-521-76428-5.
- ^ van der Leeden, Frits; Troise, Fred L.; Todd, David Keith (編). The water encyclopedia 2nd. Chelsea, Mich.: Lewis. 1991: 198–200. ISBN 978-0-87371-120-3.
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- ^ The Largest Lakes in the World by Volume. ThoughtCo. [2023-05-08]. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-08) (英語).
- ^ 22.0 22.1 Lees, David. High and Dry. Canadian Geographic. May–June 2004: 94–108.
Contrary to popular belief, the largest lake in the world is not Lake Superior but mighty Lake Michigan–Huron, which is a single hydrological unit linked at the Straits of Mackinac
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- ^ Predicting Currents in the Straits of Mackinac. Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. [2022-09-24]. (原始內容存檔於2023-04-27) (美國英語).
延伸閱讀
編輯- Burg, J. P. Precipitation and the levels of Lake Michigan-Huron. Journal of Geophysical Research. Vol. 64 no. 10. 1959: 1591–1595. Bibcode:1959JGR....64.1591B. doi:10.1029/jz064i010p01591.
- De Geer, Sten. The American manufacturing belt. Volume 4 of Geografiska annaler. Svenska Sällskapet för Antropologi och Geografi. 1928.
- Mortimer, Clifford H. Lake Michigan in motion: responses of an inland sea to weather, earth-spin, and human activities. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press. 2004: 59–78; 190–192; 300–309 [2023-05-08]. ISBN 978-0-299-17834-5. (原始內容存檔於2023-04-24).
- Polderman, Nathan J.; Pryor, Sara C. Linking Synoptic-scale Climate Phenomena to Lake-Level Variability in the Lake Michigan-Huron Basin. Journal of Great Lakes Research. Vol. 30 no. 3. 2004: 419–434. doi:10.1016/S0380-1330(04)70359-7.
- Schaetzl, Randall J.; Krist, Frank J.; Rindfleisch, Paul R.; Liebens, Johan; Williams, Thomas E. Postglacial Landscape Evolution of Northeastern Lower Michigan, Interpreted from Soils and Sediments. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. Vol. 90 no. 3. 2000: 443–466. S2CID 55689261. doi:10.1111/0004-5608.00204.
- Schaetzl, Randall J.; Drzyzga, Scott A.; Weisenborn, Beth N.; Kincare, Kevin A.; Lepczyk, Xiomara C.; Shein, Karsten; Dowd, Cathryn M.; Linker, John. Measurement, Correlation, and Mapping of Glacial Lake Algonquin Shorelines in Northern Michigan. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. Vol. 92 no. 3. 2002: 399–415. S2CID 56412226. doi:10.1111/1467-8306.00296.
- Sellinger, Cynthia E.; Craig A. Two; E. Conrad Lamon; Song S. Qian. Recent water level declines in the Lake Michigan–Huron system. Environ. Sci. Technol. Vol. 42 no. 42. 2008: 367–373. PMID 18284132. doi:10.1021/es070664.
- Shelton, William A. The Lakes-to-the-Gulf Deep Waterway: I. Journal of Political Economy. Vol. 20 no. 6. 1912: 541–573 [2023-05-08]. S2CID 154045181. doi:10.1086/252049 . (原始內容存檔於2023-04-08).