海帶目
褐藻纲的一目藻类
海帶目是褐藻綱之下一個目級的海藻分類單元，現時包括有約30個屬[來源請求]。 這些海帶生長於淺海海洋底下的海藻林：一種類似於陸地上森林的海洋植物群落，估計從中新世（即500到2300萬年前）就已出現[3][與來源不符]。
海帶目 化石時期：
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科學分類 
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| 界： | 色藻界 Chromista |
| 門： | 淡色藻門 Ochrophyta |
| 綱： | 褐藻綱 Phaeophyceae |
| 目： | 海帶目 Laminariales Migula, 1909[2] |
| 科 | |
分類
編輯本目包括下列各科[4]：
生長和繁殖
編輯生長在分生組織基部發生。
海藻林
編輯海帶目聚集的地方會發展成被稱為「海藻林」的海底森林，為最富有豐富生產力與多樣性的地球生態系統[5][6]。較小片的海藻林又被稱為海藻床。在挪威海岸，有接近5800平方千米的海岸就長滿了海藻林[7][6]，還為大量動物提及棲息地[8][9]。
海藻林分佈於溫帶到極地地區的沿岸海域。[5]在2007年，於厄瓜多爾附近的熱帶海域也發現有海藻林分佈。[10] 和熱帶的珊瑚礁一樣，海藻林為許多生物提供生活環境，包括軟體動物、甲殼動物、棘皮動物、魚類及海洋哺乳動物等；同時也為人類提供生產力豐富的漁場。
商業用途
編輯
巨型海帶由於其表面的樹冠和在較深水域停留的生長習性，可以相當容易地收穫。
商業生產
編輯再生能源
編輯目前尚未歷史
保育
編輯圖庫
編輯-
Macrocystis pyrifera in Monterey Bay Aquarium's 蒙特雷灣水族館 -
![Scuba diver in kelp forest[翻譯請求]](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Scuba_diver_in_kelp_forest.jpg/135px-Scuba_diver_in_kelp_forest.jpg)
Scuba diver in kelp forest[翻譯請求] -
Blue rockfish in kelp forest -
Anemone and seastar in kelp forest -
An underwater shot of a kelp forest -
A kelp forest -
A close up view of Ecklonia maxima, giant brown kelp -
Kelp found along the coast of La Jolla Shores -
Saccharina latissima in salad form, same also in canned form
_01.jpg)
![Scuba diver in kelp forest[翻譯請求]](/wiki/File:Scuba_diver_in_kelp_forest.jpg)
知名物種
編輯- Bull kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana, a northwestern American species. Used by coastal 美洲原住民 to create 漁網s.
- Giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, the largest seaweed. Found in the 太平洋 coast of 北美洲 and 南美洲.
- Kombu, Saccharina japonica (formerly Laminaria japonica) and others, several edible species of kelp found in 日本.
Species of Laminaria in the British Isles;
- Laminaria digitata (Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux (Oarweed; Tangle)
- Laminaria hyperborea (Gunnerus) Foslie (Curvie)
- Laminaria ochroleuca Bachelot de la Pylaie
- Laminaria saccharina (Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux (sea belt; sugar kelp; sugarwack)
Species of 海帶屬 worldwide, listing of species at AlgaeBase:[11]
- Laminaria agardhii (NE. 美洲)
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- Laminaria bongardina Postels et Ruprecht (Bering Sea to 加利福尼亞州)
- Laminaria cuneifolia (NE. America)
- Laminaria dentigera Klellm. (California - America)
- Laminaria digitata (NE. America)
- Laminaria ephemera Setchell (Sitka, Alaska, to Monterey County, California - America)
- Laminaria farlowii Setchell (Santa Cruz, California, to Baja California - America)
- Laminaria groenlandica (NE. America)
- Laminaria longicruris (NE. America)
- Laminaria nigripes (NE. America)
- Laminaria ontermedia (NE. America)
- Laminaria pallida Greville ex J. Agardh (南非)
- Laminaria platymeris (NE. America)
- Laminaria saccharina (Linnaeus) Lamouroux, synonym of Saccharina latissima (north east Atlantic Ocean, Barents Sea south to Galicia - Spain)
- Laminaria setchellii Silva (Aleutian Islands, Alaska to Baja California America)
- Laminaria sinclairii (Harvey ex Hooker f. ex Harvey) Farlow, Anderson et Eaton (Hope Island, British Columbia to Los Angeles, California - America)
- Laminaria solidungula (NE. America)
- Laminaria stenophylla (NE. America)
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Other species in the 海帶目 that may be considered as kelp:
- Alaria marginata Post. & Rupr. (Alaska and California - 美洲)
- Costaria costata (C.Ag.) Saunders (Japan; Alaska, California - America)
- Ecklonia brevipes J. Agardh (Australia; New Zealand)
- Ecklonia maxima (Osbeck) Papenfuss (South Africa)
- Ecklonia radiata (C.Agardh) J. Agardh (Australia; Tasmania; New Zealand; South Africa)
- Eisenia arborea Aresch. (Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Montrey, Santa Catalina Island, California - America)
- Egregia menziesii (Turn.) Aresch.
- Hedophyllum sessile (C.Ag.) Setch (Alaska, California - America)
- Macrocystis angustifolia Bory (Australia; Tasmania and South Africa)
- Pleurophycus gardneri Setch. & Saund. (Alaska, California - America)
- Pterygophora californica Rupr. (Vancouver Island, British Columbia to Bahia del Ropsario, Baja California and California - America)
Non-Laminariales species that may be considered as kelp:
- Durvillea antarctica, Fucales (新西蘭, 南美洲, and 澳大利亞)
- Durvillea willana, Fucales (New Zealand)
- Durvillaea potatorum (雅克·拉比亞迪埃) Areschoug, Fucales (塔斯馬尼亞州; Australia)
與其他物種的互動
編輯部分動物的名稱或其英文名稱以海帶（Kelp）來命名，因為牠們以海帶為棲息地或食物。這些物種包括有：
- Northern kelp crab (Pugettia producta) and graceful kelp crab (Pugettia gracilis), Pacific coast of North America.
- 䲁亞目魚類的英文名Kelpfish：包括有北美洲太平洋海岸的Heterosticbus rostratus及Gibbonsia屬物種。
- 白草雁 (Chloephaga hybrida)：棲息於南美洲及福克蘭群島
- 鞘嘴鷗科物種在英語的通稱叫作Kelp pigeon，棲息於南極洲，只有白鞘嘴鷗（Chionis alba）和黑臉鞘嘴鷗（Chionis minor）兩個物種。
參考文獻
編輯- ^ Olivero, Davide. Chapter 13 "Zoophycos and the Role of Type Specimens in Ichnotaxonomy. William Miller, III (編). Trace Fossils: Concepts, Problems, Prospects. Elsevier. 2011-10-13: 224–226 [2013-04-01]. ISBN 978-0-08-047535-6.
- ^ Migula, W. Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Deutsch-Österreich und der Schweiz. Band II. Algen. 2. Teil. Rhodophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Characeae. Gera: Verlag Friedriech von Zezschwitz. 1909: i–iv, 1–382, 122 (41 col.) pls.
- ^ Macrocystis Evolution. [2013-05-04]. （原始內容存檔於2013-05-09）.
- ^ 陸保仁. 海帶目. 中國大百科全書 生物學Ⅰ （中文）.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Mann, K.H. Seaweeds: their productivity and strategy for growth. Science. 1973, 182: 975–981 （英語）.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Abdullah, M.I.; Fredriksen, S. Production, respiration and exudation of dissolved organic matter by the kelp Laminaria hyperborea along the west coast of Norway. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK. 2004, 84: 887 （英語）.
- ^ Rinde, E. Dokumentasjon av modellerte marine Naturtyper i DNs Naturbase. Førstegenerasjonsmodeller til kommunenes startpakker for kartlegging av marine naturtyper 2007. NIVA report. 2009: 32 pp. （挪威語）.
- ^ Christie, H., Jørgensen, N.M., Norderhaug, K.M., Waage-Nielsen, E., 2003. Species distribution and habitat exploitation of fauna associated with kelp (Laminaria hyperborea) along the Norwegian coast. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 83, 687-699.
- ^ Jørgensen, N.M., Christie, H., 2003. Follow me @radd.michyy and lowk3y.nadine l Diurnal, horizontal and vertical dispersal of kelp associated fauna. Hydrobiologia 50, 69-76.
- ^ Graham, M.H., B.P. Kinlan, L.D. Druehl, L.E. Garske, and S. Banks. 2007. Deep-water kelp refugia as potential hotspots of tropical marine diversity and productivity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 16576-16580.
- ^ AlgaeBase Laminariales. [2018-11-30]. （原始內容存檔於2018-12-01）.
參看
編輯延伸閱讀
編輯- Druehl, L.D. Cultivated edible kelp. Lembi, C.A. and Waaland, J.R. (編). Algae and Human Affairs.. 1988. ISBN 0-521-32115-8 （英語）.
- Erlandson, J.M., M.H. Graham, B.J. Bourque, D. Corbett, J.A. Estes, & R.S. Steneck. 2007. The Kelp Highway hypothesis: marine ecology, the coastal migration theory, and the peopling of the Americas. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 2:161-174.
