特拉托阿尼
阿兹特克帝国城邦统治者的称谓
特拉托阿尼(古典納瓦特爾語:tlahtoāni 發音:[t͡ɬaʔtoˈaːni] (ⓘ),意為「發言者、統治者」)為前哥倫布時期時,對阿茲特克帝國城邦統治者的納瓦特爾語稱謂,在其他語言中可將其譯作王、君主。[1]女性則用西瓦特拉托阿尼(Cihuātlahtoāni,意為「女王」)稱呼之[2]。此外,夸烏特拉托阿尼(英語:Cuauhtlatoani,「明智的首領」)指在阿茲特克帝國尚未建立時便已定居在此的墨西加人首領,或殖民時期阿茲特克帝國統治者。部分情況下,特拉托阿尼專指帝國首都特諾奇蒂特蘭的統治者。
阿茲特克帝國特拉托阿尼 | |
---|---|
詳情 | |
開國君主 | 阿卡馬皮奇特利 |
末代君主 | 夸烏特莫克 |
建立 | 約1376年 |
終結 | 1521年 |
特拉托阿尼的領土被稱為特拉托卡特拉利(古典納瓦特爾語:Tlahtohcātlālli)[3] ,其住所被稱為特拉托卡卡利(古典納瓦特爾語:Tlahtohcācalli)。[3]
阿茲特克帝國的每一座城邦都有自己的統治者,兼握其城邦的政教大權,並被視為城邦的最高指揮官。特拉托阿尼通常由皇室子弟世襲登上王位,但也存在通過選舉當上統治者的個例。[4]選舉者為一個類似議會的團體,通常由長者、貴族與祭司組成。
阿茲特克帝國歷代特拉托阿尼
編輯阿茲特克帝國共有11位特拉托阿尼(此處專指特諾奇蒂特蘭之統治者)。
相關條目
編輯引注
編輯- ^ Lockhart (2001, p.238); Schroeder (2007, p.3). See also the entry for "TLAHTOANI" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期2007-06-14., in Wimmer (2006)
- ^ Schroeder (2007, pp.3–4). See also the entry for "CIHUATLAHTOANI" 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期2007-06-08. in Wimmer (2006).
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Nahuatl dictionary (1997). Wired humanities project. Retrieved January 1, 2012, from link (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- ^ pre-Columbian civilizations. Encyclopedia Britannica. [2017-05-22]. (原始內容存檔於2021-04-16) (英語).
參考文獻
編輯- Berdan, Frances F.; Richard E. Blanton; Elizabeth Hill Boone; Mary G. Hodge; Michael E. Smith; Emily Umberger. Aztec Imperial Strategies. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. 1996. ISBN 0-88402-211-0. OCLC 27035231.
- Gibson, Charles. The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico, 1519–1810 Reprinted 1976. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1964. ISBN 0-8047-0196-2. OCLC 190295.
- Lockhart, James. Nahuatl as Written: Lessons in Older Written Nahuatl, with Copious Examples and Texts. UCLA Latin American studies, vol. 88; Nahuatl studies series, no. 6. Stanford and Los Angeles: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Center Publications. 2001. ISBN 0-8047-4282-0. OCLC 46858459. (英文) (納瓦特爾文)
- Schroeder, Susan. Chimalpahin and the Kingdoms of Chalco. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1991. ISBN 0-8165-1182-9. OCLC 21976206.
- Schroeder, Susan. The Annals of Chimalpahin (PDF). James Lockhart; Lisa Sousa; Stephanie Wood (編). Sources and Methods for the Study of Postconquest Mesoamerican Ethnohistory Provisional version. Eugene: University of Oregon Wired Humanities Project. 2007 [2008-05-16]. (原始內容 (PDF e-book online publication)存檔於2016-05-27).
- Wimmer, Alexis. Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl classique (online version, incorporating reproductions from Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl ou mexicaine [1885], by Rémi Siméon). 2006. (原始內容存檔於2012-12-30). (法文) (納瓦特爾文)
- Barbara A. Somervill. Great Empires of the Past: Empire of the Aztecs. New York: Chelsa House, 2010.
- Carrasco, David. Daily Life of The Aztecs: People of the Sun and Earth. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1998.
- Carrasco, D. 1998, 139.
- Sahagun, Bernardino de. Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain. Translated and edited by Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble. 13 vols. Santa Fe: School of American Research, and University of Utah, 1950-1982.
- Sahagun, Florentine Codex, VIII: 52.
- Somervill, B. 2010, 78.