豪勳爵島
世界自然遗产
豪勳爵島（英語：Lord Howe Island；/haʊ/）是位於澳洲和紐西蘭之間的塔斯曼海中一座呈不規則新月形的島嶼，隸屬於澳大利亞的新南威爾士州，距離澳洲大陸麥覺理港以東約600 km（320 nmi）、悉尼東北方780 km（420 nmi）、諾福克島西南方約900 km（490 nmi）；長約10 km（6.2 mi）、闊約0.3、2.0 km（0.19、1.24 mi），面積14.55 km2（3,600 acre），當中只有3.98 km2（980 acre）的低地為已發展地區[5]。
| 豪勳爵島 | |
|---|---|
Lord Howe Island | |
 島的衛星影像 | |
 | |
 | |
| 自然地理 | |
| 坐標 | 31°33′15″S 159°05′06″E / 31.55417°S 159.08500°E |
| 所處海域 | 塔斯曼海 |
| 島嶼數 | 28 |
| 主要島嶼 | 豪勳爵島、Admiralty Group、Mutton Bird Islands和柏爾的金字塔 |
| 總面積 | 14.55平方公里（5.62平方英里） |
| 最高海拔 | 875米（2871英尺） |
| 最高點 | 高爾山 |
| 管轄 | |
 澳洲 | |
| 行政區劃 | 新南威爾士州之非建制地區 由豪勳爵島議會實行自治[1] |
| 選區 | 麥考瑞港選區的一部分[2] 澳洲議會悉尼選區的一部分[3] |
| 非正式旗幟 |  |
| 居民 | |
| 人口 |
|
| 人口密度 | 26.25人/平方公里（67.99人/平方英里） |
| 其他資料 | |
| 時區 | |
| • 夏時制 | |
| 官方名稱 | 豪勳爵群島 |
| 類型 | Natural |
| 標準 | vii, x |
| 評定時間 | 1982年 （世界遺產委員會第六次聚會） |
| 參考編碼 | 186 |
| 國 | 澳洲 |
| 區域 | 亞太區 |
無效指定 | |
| 官方名稱 | 澳洲新南威爾士豪勳爵島豪勳爵群島 |
| 類型 | 自然 |
| 評定時間 | 2007年5月21日 |
| 參考編碼 | 105694 |
| 文件編號 | 1/00/373/0001 |
無效指定 | |
| 官方名稱 | 豪勳爵群島 |
| 類型 | 州景觀遺產 |
| 評定時間 | 1999年4月2日 |
| 參考編碼 | 970 |
| Type | 其他 - 景觀 - 文化 |
| Category | 景觀 - 文化 |
沿着島的西岸，有一個由珊瑚礁圍繞形成的沙質半開放潟湖。常住人口約350人，主要聚居於島的北部；另外通常還有約400人的觀光客。島的南方有偏佈森林的山，全島最高處為海拔875米, 2,871英尺的高爾山（Mt. Gower）也在這裏[6]。豪勳爵群島由28個島嶼、小島及岩礁組成[6]。除卻豪勳爵島本島，最為人所注意的島嶼是無人火山島柏爾的金字塔，距離豪勳爵島東南方23 km（14 mi；12 nmi）。群島以北有一系列七座無人居住的島鏈，叫作Admiralty Group[7]。
豪勳爵島於1788年2月17日由亨利·利居柏德·柏爾（Henry Lidgbird Ball）所領導的英國皇家海軍發現，以對法國作戰有功的理查德·豪（Richard Howe，「Howe」姓也有譯為「何奧」者）勳爵命名。
豪勳爵島是由海底2000多公尺深的火山運動與噴發而形成。聯合國教育、科學及文化組織（UNESCO）於1982年把豪勳爵島與周圍小島列為具有自然方面重要性的世界自然遺產[8]。
地理
編輯氣候
編輯| 豪勳爵島機場（1991–2020年平均數據，1988年至今極端數據） | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 月份 | 1月 | 2月 | 3月 | 4月 | 5月 | 6月 | 7月 | 8月 | 9月 | 10月 | 11月 | 12月 | 全年 |
| 歷史最高溫 °C（°F） | 29.9 (85.8) |
31.3 (88.3) |
28.2 (82.8) |
27.4 (81.3) |
25.8 (78.4) |
23.9 (75.0) |
23.2 (73.8) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.6 (74.5) |
25.4 (77.7) |
28.0 (82.4) |
28.4 (83.1) |
31.3 (88.3) |
| 平均高溫 °C（°F） | 25.5 (77.9) |
25.8 (78.4) |
25.0 (77.0) |
23.4 (74.1) |
21.6 (70.9) |
19.9 (67.8) |
19.1 (66.4) |
19.1 (66.4) |
20.1 (68.2) |
21.0 (69.8) |
22.4 (72.3) |
24.1 (75.4) |
22.2 (72.0) |
| 平均低溫 °C（°F） | 20.8 (69.4) |
21.1 (70.0) |
20.1 (68.2) |
18.1 (64.6) |
16.3 (61.3) |
14.8 (58.6) |
13.9 (57.0) |
13.6 (56.5) |
14.7 (58.5) |
15.7 (60.3) |
17.4 (63.3) |
19.2 (66.6) |
17.1 (62.8) |
| 歷史最低溫 °C（°F） | 13.1 (55.6) |
14.7 (58.5) |
13.4 (56.1) |
11.2 (52.2) |
9.1 (48.4) |
7.5 (45.5) |
6.1 (43.0) |
6.6 (43.9) |
5.9 (42.6) |
7.8 (46.0) |
9.2 (48.6) |
11.4 (52.5) |
5.9 (42.6) |
| 平均降水量 mm（吋） | 102.5 (4.04) |
107.0 (4.21) |
126.8 (4.99) |
138.7 (5.46) |
153.2 (6.03) |
169.4 (6.67) |
138.0 (5.43) |
104.7 (4.12) |
109.5 (4.31) |
99.0 (3.90) |
110.9 (4.37) |
101.1 (3.98) |
1,460.9 (57.52) |
| 平均降水天數（≥ 1mm） | 8.9 | 9.2 | 10.8 | 13.0 | 14.7 | 17.1 | 17.1 | 14.4 | 11.3 | 9.3 | 9.4 | 9.1 | 144.3 |
| 平均相對濕度（％） | 70 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 64 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 67 | 67 |
| 數據來源：澳洲氣象局[9] | |||||||||||||
生態
編輯豪勳爵島竹節蟲是當地特有的物種之一，1930年曾被判定滅絕，但在2001年新的竹節蟲聚落再次在波爾斯金字塔被發現。
參看
編輯參考文獻
編輯- ^ Regional Statistics – New South Wales (PDF). Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2004 [2009-04-19]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2009-02-26）.
- ^ Port Macquarie. New South Wales Electoral Commission. 2008 [2009-04-19]. （原始內容存檔於2009-04-06）.
- ^ Profile of the Electoral Division Sydney. Australian Electoral Commission. 2011 [2011-08-19]. （原始內容存檔於2011-06-29）.
- ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics. Lord Howe Island (State Suburb). 2016 Census QuickStats. 27 June 2017.
- ^ Draft Report: Review of the Lord Howe Island Act of 1954 (PDF). State of New South Wales, Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water, February 2010. [2011-12-22]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2011-03-21）.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Lord Howe Island Group. Australian Government Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. [2011-08-27]. （原始內容存檔於2011-09-22）.
- ^ Hutton 1986，第81頁
- ^ Lord Howe Island Group. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2009 [2009-04-20]. （原始內容存檔於2017-11-19）.
- ^ Climate statistics for Australian locations. Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. August 2011 [2009-03-23]. （原始內容存檔於16 October 2021）.
參考書目
編輯- Allen, Gerald R.; et al. Annotated checklist of the fishes of Lord Howe Island. Records of the Australian Museum. 1976, 30 (15): 365–454. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.30.1976.287.
- Coleman, Neville. 1001 Nudibranchs – Catalogue of Indo-Pacific Sea Slugs. Springwood. 2001. ISBN 978-0-947325-25-1.
- Coleman, Neville. Lord Howe Island Marine Park: Sea Shore to Sea Floor: World Heritage Wildlife Guide. Rochedale: Neville Coleman's Underwater Geographic. 2002. ISBN 978-0-947325-27-5.
- Daniel, M.J.; Williams, G.R. A survey of the distribution, seasonal activity and roost sites of New Zealand bats (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 1984, 7: 9–25 [2019-04-29]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-04-13）.
- Etheridge, Robert. Lord Howe Island its zoology, geology, and physical characters. No. 5. The physical and geological structure of Lord Howe Island (PDF). Australian Museum Memoir. 1889, 2 (5): 99–126 [2019-04-29]. ISSN 0067-1967. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1967.2.1889.483. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-05-20）.
- Flannery, Tim. The Weather Makers – The History and Future Impact of Climate Change. Allen Lane. 2006. ISBN 978-0-7139-9921-1.
- Gaffney, Eugene S. A phylogeny and classification of the higher categories of turtles. (article 4). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 1975, 155 (5): 389–436 [2019-04-29]. （原始內容存檔於2015-05-08）.
- Gavrilets, Sergei; Vose, Arron. Case studies and mathematical models of ecological speciation. 2. Palms on an oceanic island. Molecular Ecology. 2007, 16 (14): 2910–2921. PMID 17614906. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03304.x.
- Green, Peter S. Lord Howe Island. Orchard, Anthony E (編). Flora of Australia. Volume 49, Oceanic Islands 1. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. 1994. ISBN 0-644-29385-3.
- Harriott, V.J.; Harrison, P.L.; Banks, S.A. The coral communities of Lord Howe Island. Marine and Freshwater Research. 1995, 46 (2): 457–465. doi:10.1071/mf9950457.
- Hill, E S. Lord Howe Island – Official visit by the Water Police Magistrate and the Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney; together with a description of the island. Votes & Proc. Legislative Assembly New South Wales 1870. 1870: 635–654.
- Hutton, Ian. Lord Howe Island. Australian Capital Territory: Conservation Press. 1986. ISBN 978-0-908198-40-5.
- Hutton, Ian. Birds of Lord Howe Island – Past and Present. Ian Hutton. 1990. ISBN 978-0-646-02638-1.
- Hutton, Ian. The Australian Geographic Book of Lord Howe Island. Australian Geographic. 1998. ISBN 978-1-876276-27-0.
- Hutton, Ian; Parkes, John P. & Sinclair, Anthony R. E., Reassembling island ecosystems: the case of Lord Howe Island (PDF), Animal Conservation, 2007, 10 (22): 22–29 [2011-06-25], doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00077.x, （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2011-11-21）
- Hutton, Ian. A Guide to World Heritage Lord Howe Island. Lord Howe Island Museum. 2009.
- Hutton, Ian. A field guide to the ferns of Lord Howe Island. Lord Howe Island: Ian Hutton. 2010a. ISBN 978-0-9581286-7-4.
- Hutton, Ian. A field guide to the birds of Lord Howe Island. Lord Howe Island: Ian Hutton. 2010b. ISBN 978-0-9581286-2-9.
- Hutton, Ian. A field guide to the plants of Lord Howe Island. Lord Howe Island: Ian Hutton. 2010c. ISBN 978-0-9581286-1-2.
- Hutton, Ian; Harrison, Peter. A field guide to the marine life of Lord Howe Island. Lord Howe Island: Ian Hutton. 2004. ISBN 978-0-9581286-3-6.
- Jones, R N. Managing Climate Change Risks. Agrawala, S.; Corfee-Morlot, J. (編). The Benefits of Climate Change Policies: Analytical and Framework Issues, OECD cited in the 联邦科学与工业研究组织's Climate Change Impacts on Australia and the Benefits of Early Action to Reduce Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions". Paris: 249–298. 2004.[失效連結]
- McDougall, I; Embleton, B J; Stone, D B. Origin and evolution of Lord Howe Island, Southwest Pacific Ocean. Journal of the Geological Association of Australia. 1981, 28: 155–176. doi:10.1080/00167618108729154.
- Mueller, Ferdinand J.H. von. Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae 9. Melbourne: Government Printer. 1875: 76–79.
- National Library of Australia. Lord Howe Island: 1788–1988. From Antipodean Isolation to World Heritage. A Bicentennial Publication (PDF). National Library of Australia. 1989 [2014-01-24]. ISBN 978-0-7316-3090-5. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2010-12-20）.
- Nichols, Daphne. Lord Howe Island Rising. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Tower Books. 2006. ISBN 978-0-646-45419-1.
- Pickard, John. Rare or threatened vascular plants of Lord Howe Island. Biological Conservation. 1983a, 27 (2): 125–139. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(83)90084-8.
- Pickard, John. Vegetation of Lord Howe Island. Cunninghamia. 1983b, 17: 133–266.
- Pickard, John. Exotic plants of Lord Howe Island: distribution in space and time, 1853–1981. Journal of Biogeography. 1984, 11 (3): 181–208. JSTOR 2844639. doi:10.2307/2844639.
- Rabone, Harold R. Lord Howe Island: Its discovery and early associations 1788 to 1888. Sydney: Australis. 1972.
- Recher, Harry F; Clark, Stephen S. Environmental survey of Lord Howe Island : a report to the Lord Howe Island Board / edited by Harry F. Recher and Stephen S. Clark Lord Howe Island Board (N.S.W.). Australian Museum: Dept. of Environmental Studies. 1974.Recher, H. F.; Clark, S. S. A biological survey of Lord Howe Island with recommendations for the conservation of the island's wildlife. Biological Conservation. 1974, 6 (4): 263. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(74)90005-6.
- Starbuck, Alexander. History of the American Whaling Fishery from its Earliest Inception to the Year 1876. Waltham, Massachusetts: author. 1878.
- Veron, John E; Done, T J. Corals and coral communities of Lord Howe Island. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 1979, 30 (2): 203–236. doi:10.1071/mf9790203.
- Wallis, G.P.; Trewick, Steve A. New Zealand phylogeography: evolution on a small continent. Molecular Ecology. 2009, 18 (17): 3548–80. PMID 19674312. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04294.x.
- Wilson, J. Bowie (John Bowie). Report on the present state and future prospects of Lord Howe Island. T. Richards, Govt. Printer. 1882 [27 February 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-18）.
新聞來源
編輯
This Wikipedia article contains material from Lord Howe Island Group, entry number 00970 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence, accessed on 2 June 2018.
延伸閱讀
編輯- Lindsay, MJ; Patterson, HM; Swearer, SE. Habitat as a surrogate measure of reef fish diversity in the zoning of the Lord Howe Island Marine Park, Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 2008, 353: 265–273. Bibcode:2008MEPS..353..265L. doi:10.3354/meps07155.
- O』Hara, Timothy. Bioregionalisation of the waters around Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands using brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea).. 2008 [2019-04-29]. ISBN 978-0-642-55462-8. （原始內容存檔於2013-10-05）.
- Harris, Peter T. Benthic environments of the Lord Howe Rise submarine plateau: Introduction to the special volume. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 2010, 58 (7–8): 883–888. Bibcode:2011DSR....58..883H. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.044.
- Brown, Dianne; Baker, Lynn. The Lord Howe Island Biodiversity Management Plan: An integrated approach to recovery planning. Ecological Management & Restoration. 2009, 10: S70–S78. doi:10.1111/j.1442-8903.2009.00449.x.
- Anderson, Tara J.; Nichol, Scott L.; Syms, Craig; Przeslawski, Rachel; Harris, Peter T. Deep-sea bio-physical variables as surrogates for biological assemblages, an example from the Lord Howe Rise. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 2010, 58 (7–8): 979. Bibcode:2011DSR....58..979A. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.053.
外部連結
編輯
- World heritage listing (Australian Government Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities)（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Lord Howe Island Act, 1953 (Australian Legal Information Institute)（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Lord Howe. Encyclopædia Britannica (第11版). London. 1911.
