SN 1993J

SN 1993J
SN 1993J
	M81的紫外光照片
觀測資料（曆元 J2000.0）
超新星種類	IIb型
所在星系	M81
所在星座	大熊座
赤經	09h 55m 24.775s (J2000)
赤緯	−69° 01′ 13.70″ (J2000)
發現日期	1993年3月28日
最亮時視星等（V）	+10.8
距離	8.5 ± 1.3 百萬光年（2.6 ± 0.4百萬秒差距）
物理特徵
原來恆星種類	紅超巨星
重要資料	20世紀第二亮超新星

SN 1993J是1993年3月28日由西班牙天文學家弗蘭西斯科·加西亞（西班牙語：Francisco Garcia Diaz）發現的超新星^[1]。它位於大熊座的河外星系 M81，距離約為8.5 ± 1.3 百萬光年（2.6 ± 0.4百萬秒差距），最亮時視星等為10.8等，它是二十世紀第二亮的超新星，僅次於位於大麥哲倫星系的SN 1987A^[2]^[3]。

光譜特徵

SN 1993J的光譜特徵隨着時間的推移而改變。在最開始，它發射出非常強烈的氫光譜線，看起來更像是一顆II型超新星（大質量恆星由於內部塌縮引發劇烈爆炸形成的超新星）。但不久以後，SN 1993J的氫光譜線逐漸消失，並出現強烈的氦光譜線，這是Ib型超新星的特徵^[2]^[4]。而且SN1993J的光度隨着時間的變化不像其他II型超新星觀測到的變化一樣^[5]^[6]，而更像是Ib型超新星^[7]。因此，SN 1993J被分型為IIb型超新星（Ib型超新星和II型超新星的中間型）^[4]。對這顆超新星的科學研究表明，Ib型超新星實際上也是通過大質量的巨星核心塌縮爆炸形成的，和II型超新星發生的過程類似，只是Ib型超新星的前身星在爆炸之前已經拋掉含氫的外殼^[4]^[8]。SN 1993J的光回聲也在隨後不久就被探測到^[9]。

前身星

科學家已經從SN 1993J爆發前的照片中識別出SN 1993J的前身星^[10]。它的前身星是一顆K型超巨星，但卻發出過量的紫外光，這可能是它附近的熾熱恆星，或擁有一顆熾熱的伴星而造成的。雖然SN 1993J位於M81中年輕的大質量恆星聚集的區域^[11]，但天文學家團隊藉助哈勃太空望遠鏡上的先進巡天相機（ACS）以及夏威夷毛納基山的凱克望遠鏡，找到了一顆B型超巨星，它恰好位於長期推測的前身星的伴星應該在的位置上^[12]。這次觀測還為超新星爆發相關的天體物理學研究提供了詳細的觀測資料。現在已經可以確定，在SN 1993J爆發前的最後250年間，大約10個太陽質量的氣體從SN 1993J的前身星迅速轉移到了伴星^[3]。

參考資料

^ J. Ripero, F. Garcia, D. Rodriguez, P. Pujol, A. V. Filippenko, R. R. Treffers, Y. Paik, M. Davis, D. Schlegel, F. D. A. Hartwick, D. D. Balam, D. Zurek, R. M. Robb, P. Garnavich, B. A. Hong; Garcia; Rodriguez; Pujol; Filippenko; Treffers; Paik; Davis; Schlegel. Supernova 1993J in NGC 3031. IAU Circular. 1993, 5731: 1. Bibcode:1993IAUC.5731....1R.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 B. P. Schmidt, R. P. Kirshner, R. G. Eastman, R. Grashuis, I. dell'Antonio, N. Caldwell, C. Foltz, J. P. Huchra, A. A. E. Milone. The unusual supernova SN1993J in the galaxy M81. Nature. 1993, 364 (6438): 600–602. Bibcode:1993Natur.364..600S. doi:10.1038/364600a0.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 First supernova companion star found. [2011-08-31]. （原始內容存檔於2011-11-14）.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 A. V. Filippenko, T. Matheson, L. C. Ho. The "Type IIb" Supernova 1993J in M81: A Close Relative of Type Ib Supernovae. Astrophysical Journal Letters. 1993, 415: L103–L106. Bibcode:1993ApJ...415L.103F. doi:10.1086/187043.
^ P. J. Benson, W. Herbst, J. J> Salzer, G. Vinton, G. J. Hanson, S. J. Ratcliff, P. F. Winkler, D. M. Elmegreen, F. Chromey, C. Strom, T. J. Balonek, B. G. Elmegreen. Light curves of SN 1993J from the Keck Northeast Astronomy Consortium. Astronomical Journal. 1994, 107: 1453–1460. Bibcode:1994AJ....107.1453B. doi:10.1086/116958.
^ J. C. Wheeler, E. Barker, R. Benjamin, J. Boisseau, A. Clocchiatti, G. de Vaucouleurs, N. Gaffney, R. P. Harkness, A. M. Khokhlov, D. F. Lester, B. J> Smith, V. V. Smith, J. Tomkin. Early Observations of SN 1993J in M81 at McDonald Observatory. Astrophysical Journal. 1993, 417: L71–L74. Bibcode:1993ApJ...417L..71W. doi:10.1086/187097.
^ M. W. Richmond, R. R. Treffers, A. V. Filippenko, Y. Palik, B. Leibundgut, E. Schulman, C. V. Cox. UBVRI photometry of SN 1993J in M81: The first 120 days. Astronomical Journal. 1994, 107: 1022–1040. Bibcode:1994AJ....107.1022R. doi:10.1086/116915.
^ A. V. Filippenko, T. Matheson, A. J. Barth. The peculiar type II supernova 1993J in M81: Transition to the nebular phase. Astronomical Journal. 1994, 108: 2220–2225. Bibcode:1994AJ....108.2220F. doi:10.1086/117234.
^ Sugerman, Ben and Crotts, Arlin. Multiple Light Echoes from Supernova 1993J. The Astrophysical Journal. November 8, 2002, 581 (2): L97–L100. Bibcode:2002ApJ...581L..97S. arXiv:astro-ph/0207497  . doi:10.1086/346016.
^ Aldering, G.; R. Humphreys, M. Richmond. SN 1993J: The optical properties of its progenitor. Astronomical Journal. 1994, 107: 662. Bibcode:1994AJ....107..662A. doi:10.1086/116886.
^ Van Dyk, S.D.; P.M Garnavich, A.V. Filippenko, P.A. Hoflich, R.P. Kirshner, R.L. Kurucz, P. Challis. The Progenitor of Supernova 1993J Revisited. PASP. 2002, 114 (802): 1322. Bibcode:2002PASP..114.1322V. arXiv:astro-ph/0208382  . doi:10.1086/344382.
^ Maund, J.; S.J. Smartt, R.P. Kudritzki, P. Podsiadlowski, G.F. Gilmore. The massive binary companion star to the progenitor of supernova 1993J. Nature. 2004, 427 (6970): 129–31. Bibcode:2004Natur.427..129M. PMID 14712269. arXiv:astro-ph/0401090  . doi:10.1038/nature02161.

外部連結

SN 1993J前身星雙星系統的藝術視頻（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[iauc5731-1] J. Ripero, F. Garcia, D. Rodriguez, P. Pujol, A. V. Filippenko, R. R. Treffers, Y. Paik, M. Davis, D. Schlegel, F. D. A. Hartwick, D. D. Balam, D. Zurek, R. M. Robb, P. Garnavich, B. A. Hong; Garcia; Rodriguez; Pujol; Filippenko; Treffers; Paik; Davis; Schlegel. Supernova 1993J in NGC 3031. IAU Circular. 1993, 5731: 1. Bibcode:1993IAUC.5731....1R.

[schmidtetal1993-2] 2.0 ^2.1 B. P. Schmidt, R. P. Kirshner, R. G. Eastman, R. Grashuis, I. dell'Antonio, N. Caldwell, C. Foltz, J. P. Huchra, A. A. E. Milone. The unusual supernova SN1993J in the galaxy M81. Nature. 1993, 364 (6438): 600–602. Bibcode:1993Natur.364..600S. doi:10.1038/364600a0.

[spacetelescope-3] 3.0 ^3.1 First supernova companion star found. [2011-08-31]. （原始內容存檔於2011-11-14）.

[filippenkoetal1993-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 A. V. Filippenko, T. Matheson, L. C. Ho. The "Type IIb" Supernova 1993J in M81: A Close Relative of Type Ib Supernovae. Astrophysical Journal Letters. 1993, 415: L103–L106. Bibcode:1993ApJ...415L.103F. doi:10.1086/187043.

[bensonetal1994-5] P. J. Benson, W. Herbst, J. J> Salzer, G. Vinton, G. J. Hanson, S. J. Ratcliff, P. F. Winkler, D. M. Elmegreen, F. Chromey, C. Strom, T. J. Balonek, B. G. Elmegreen. Light curves of SN 1993J from the Keck Northeast Astronomy Consortium. Astronomical Journal. 1994, 107: 1453–1460. Bibcode:1994AJ....107.1453B. doi:10.1086/116958.

[wheeleretal1993-6] J. C. Wheeler, E. Barker, R. Benjamin, J. Boisseau, A. Clocchiatti, G. de Vaucouleurs, N. Gaffney, R. P. Harkness, A. M. Khokhlov, D. F. Lester, B. J> Smith, V. V. Smith, J. Tomkin. Early Observations of SN 1993J in M81 at McDonald Observatory. Astrophysical Journal. 1993, 417: L71–L74. Bibcode:1993ApJ...417L..71W. doi:10.1086/187097.

[richmondetal1994-7] M. W. Richmond, R. R. Treffers, A. V. Filippenko, Y. Palik, B. Leibundgut, E. Schulman, C. V. Cox. UBVRI photometry of SN 1993J in M81: The first 120 days. Astronomical Journal. 1994, 107: 1022–1040. Bibcode:1994AJ....107.1022R. doi:10.1086/116915.

[filippenkoetal1994-8] A. V. Filippenko, T. Matheson, A. J. Barth. The peculiar type II supernova 1993J in M81: Transition to the nebular phase. Astronomical Journal. 1994, 108: 2220–2225. Bibcode:1994AJ....108.2220F. doi:10.1086/117234.

[9] Sugerman, Ben and Crotts, Arlin. Multiple Light Echoes from Supernova 1993J. The Astrophysical Journal. November 8, 2002, 581 (2): L97–L100. Bibcode:2002ApJ...581L..97S. arXiv:astro-ph/0207497  . doi:10.1086/346016.

[aldering94-10] Aldering, G.; R. Humphreys, M. Richmond. SN 1993J: The optical properties of its progenitor. Astronomical Journal. 1994, 107: 662. Bibcode:1994AJ....107..662A. doi:10.1086/116886.

[vandyk2002-11] Van Dyk, S.D.; P.M Garnavich, A.V. Filippenko, P.A. Hoflich, R.P. Kirshner, R.L. Kurucz, P. Challis. The Progenitor of Supernova 1993J Revisited. PASP. 2002, 114 (802): 1322. Bibcode:2002PASP..114.1322V. arXiv:astro-ph/0208382  . doi:10.1086/344382.

[maund04-12] Maund, J.; S.J. Smartt, R.P. Kudritzki, P. Podsiadlowski, G.F. Gilmore. The massive binary companion star to the progenitor of supernova 1993J. Nature. 2004, 427 (6970): 129–31. Bibcode:2004Natur.427..129M. PMID 14712269. arXiv:astro-ph/0401090  . doi:10.1038/nature02161.

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