用戶:Tyrso73/赫伯特·卡連
| 赫伯特·伯納德·卡連 | |
|---|---|
| 出生 | 西元1919年7月1日 賓夕法尼亞州費城 |
| 逝世 | 西元1993年5月22日(享年73歲) 賓夕法尼亞州梅里昂 |
| 公民權 | 美國 |
| 母校 | 鄧普爾大學 麻省理工學院 |
| 知名於 | 波動耗散定理 Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics (1960, 1985) |
| 科學生涯 | |
| 研究領域 | Thermodynamics Statistical mechanics |
| 機構 | 賓夕法尼亞大學 |
| 論文 | 關於不可逆過程的理論（1947） |
| 博士導師 | Laszlo Tisza |
| 博士生 | Robert Swendsen |
Herbert Bernard Callen (西元1919年7月1日– 西元1993年5月22日) 是一位專門研究熱力學和統計力學的美國物理學家[1] 他被視為現代不可逆熱力學理論的創始人之一,[2] 他同時也是經典教材 Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics的作者,該書出版了兩個版本。[3] 在第二次世界大戰期間，他的專業知識被應用於 Manhattan Project的理論部門。[3]
生平和貢獻
編輯A native of Philadelphia, Herbert Callen received his Bachelor of Science degree from Temple University.[4] His graduate studies were interrupted by the Manhattan Project. He also worked on a U.S. Navy project concerning guided missiles (Project Bumblebee) at Princeton University in 1945.[2] Callen subsequently completed his PhD in physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1947. He was supervised by the physicist László Tisza. His doctoral dissertation concerns the Kelvin thermoelectric and thermomagnetic relations, and Onsager's reciprocal relations;[2] it was titled On the Theory of Irreversible Processes.[5] Upon receiving his degree, Callen spent a year at the MIT Laboratory for Insulation Research and developed his theory of electrical breakdown for insulators.[2]
In 1948, Callen joined the faculty of the department of physics at the University of Pennsylvania and became a professor in 1956.[6] Specialists consider his most lasting contribution to physics to be the paper co-written with Theodore A. Welton presenting a proof of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem, an extremely general result describing how a system's response to perturbations relates to its behavior at equilibrium.[3] This crucial result became the basis for the statistical theory of irreversible processes and explains how fluctuations dissipate energy into heat in general[6] and the phenomenon of Nyquist noise in particular.[2] Callen then pioneered the thermodynamic Green's functions for magnetism. With his students, he studied many-body problems involving spin operators. This led to the discovery of some useful methods of approximations.[2]
The first edition of his classic text Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics was published in 1960.[3] In it, he presents a rigorous axiomatic treatment of thermodynamics in which the state functions are the fundamental entities and the processes are their differentials.[2] The postulates concern the existence of thermal equilibrium, and the properties of entropy. From them, he derives the fundamentals of thermodynamics, found in the first eight chapters.[7] The much revised second edition, published in 1985, became a highly cited reference in the literature[2] and an enduring textbook.[7]
He was a successful teacher, noted for his ability to explain complicated phenomena in simple terms. He played a key role in the recruitment of promising solid-state physicists to the University of Pennsylvania in the late 1950s and continued to be active in the university's academic affairs till his retirement in 1985.[2]
He was the recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship for the academic year 1972–1973.[8] In 1984, Callen received the Elliott Cresson Medal from the Franklin Institute. He retired in 1985.[3] He was made a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1990.[9]
After battling Alzheimer's disease for eleven years, Herbert Callen died in the Philadelphia suburb of Merion in 1993. He was 73 years old. He was survived by his wife, Sara Smith, and their two children, Jed and Jill.[3]
See also
編輯
- List of textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics
- Richard Chase Tolman
- Constantin Carathéodory, who also sought an axiomatic formulation of thermodynamics
References
編輯- ^ "Herbert B. Callen" (biography). College Park, Maryland: American Institute of Physics, retrieved online February 23, 2019.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Burstein, Elias; Cohen, Michael; Harris, A. Brooks; Lubensky, Tom C. Obituary: Herbert B. Callen. Physics Today. August 1994, 47 (8): 74–75. Bibcode:1994PhT....47h..74B. doi:10.1063/1.2808620
.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Obituary: Herbert B. Callen, 73, Theoretical Physicist. The New York Times. May 27, 1993 [May 30, 2019].
- ^ Callen, Herbert Bernard, Biographies, The Lower Merion Historical Society. [2013-10-04]. （原始內容存檔於2013-10-05）.
- ^ Herbert Callen - The Mathematics Genealogy Project. Mathematics Genealogy Project. Department of Mathematics, North Dakota State University. [June 21, 2019].
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Herbert B. Callen. Member Directory. National Academy of Sciences. [August 31, 2019].
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Scott, L. C. Thermodynamics and An Introduction to Thermostatistics, 2nd ed. American Journal of Physics. February 1998, 66 (2): 164–7. Bibcode:1998AmJPh..66..164C. doi:10.1119/1.19071.
- ^ Herbert B. Callen. John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. [June 21, 2019].
- ^ Biography: Herbert B. Callen. American Institute of Physics. [May 30, 2019].
External links
編輯- Callen, Herbert B, and Theodore A Welton. 「Irreversibility and Generalized Noise.」 Physical Review, vol. 83, no. 1, 1951, pp. 34–40.