线粒体夏娃
人類演化
线粒体夏娃（英语：Mitochondrial Eve）或称最近线粒体共同祖先（缩写：mt-mrca），其线粒体DNA存在于任何一位现存人类体内，是所有现存人类的母系最近共同祖先（MRCA），而不是不加前提的所有人类最近共同祖先。后者的后代是经由女性与男性而繁衍下来，但线粒体夏娃只能追溯母系一方。
线粒体夏娃的生存年代比最近共同祖先更远古，根据分子钟估算，约距今14万年前[1]，与她们相对的父系祖先“Y染色体亚当”，是生存在不同年代。
而如果使用误差较大的估计方法，最近共同祖先可晚近到只生活在3000年前，但这必须假定全球有效参与繁殖的人口为2.5亿，一个种群地区每代有一对迁移者等等。所以这个3000年的估计值只是用来检测评估模型分割种群大小的适合度，并非学者真正的结论[2]。
线粒体夏娃一词并不是由原来的研究者阿伦·C·威尔逊所命名[3][4]。线粒体夏娃并非是她生存年代时的唯一的女性，而是当时众多女性的其中一位，而且其他女性同样也有流传至今的后代，只是她们至少有一个世代的后代只有男性，故其线粒体DNA未流传至今[5]。除了线粒体夏娃之外，其他女性都不是所有现存人类的最近的母系共同祖先，因为她们的后续世代，至少有一个世代的后代只有男性，因而而中断了线粒体DNA的流传。[1][6]
参见
编辑参考文献
编辑- ^ 1.0 1.1 Dawkins, Richard. The Ancestor's Tale, A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 2004. ISBN 0-618-00583-8.
- ^ Rohde DLT, Olson S, Chang JT (2004) "Modelling the recent common ancestry of all living humans". Nature 431: 562-566.
- ^ Cann, R.L., Stoneking, M., and Wilson, A.C., 1987, "Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution", Nature 325; pp 31–36. Online: Cann et al. (1987)
- ^ Johnson. Darwinian Detectives: Revealing the Natural History of Genes and Genomes. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. 2007: 92. ISBN 9780195306750.
- ^ Dawkins, Richard. River Out of Eden. New York: Basic Books. 1995. ISBN 0-465-06990-8.
- ^ Rohde, DLT , On the common ancestors of all living humans （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Submitted to American Journal of Physical Anthropology. (2005)
- Excoffier, L., and Yang, Z., "Substitution Rate Variation Among Sites in Mitochondrial Hypervariable Region I of Humans and Chimpanzees", 1999, Mol. Biol. Evol. 16; pp 1357–1368
- Kaessmann, H., and Pääbo, S.: "The genetical history of humans and the great apes". Journal of Internal Medicine 251: 1–18 (2002). pubmed
延伸阅读
编辑- Laurence Loewe and Siegfried Scherer, "Mitochondrial Eve: The Plot Thickens," Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Vol. 12, 11 November 1997, p. 422.
- Nicole Maca-Meyer , Ana M González , José M Larruga, Carlos Flores and Vicente M Cabrera (2001) "Major genomic mitochondrial lineages delineate early human expansions". BMC Genetics Biomed central （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Oppenheimer, Stephen. The Real Eve, Carroll & Graf; (September 9, 2004) ISBN 0-7867-1334-8
- Vigilant, L., Pennington, R., Harpending, H., Kocher, T.D., Wilson, A.C., 1989, "Mitochondrial DNA Sequences in Single Hairs from a Southern African Population", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86; pp 9350-9354
- Thomas J. Parsons et al., "A High Observed Substitution Rate in the Human Mitochondrial DNA Control Region," Nature Genetics, Vol. 15 April 1997, p. 365.
- Vigilant, L., Stoneking, M., Harpending, H., Hawkes, K., Wilson, A.C., 1991, "African Populations and the Evolution of the Human Mitochondrial DNA", Science 253; pp 1503–1507 Pubmed
- Watson E., Forster P., Richards M., Bandelt H.-J. (1997). "Mitochondrial Footprints of Human Expansions in Africa." American Journal of Human Genetics. 61: 691-704 pubmed
- Spencer Wells The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey, Princeton University Press, January 2003, hardcover, 246 pages, ISBN 0-691-11532-X
外部链接
编辑- Krishna Kunchithapadam, "What if anything is a Mitochondrial Eve?" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）: a simple explanation
- Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosomal Adam Diagrams
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