粒線體夏娃
人類演化
粒線體夏娃(英語:Mitochondrial Eve)或稱最近粒線體共同祖先(縮寫:mt-mrca),其粒線體DNA存在於任何一位現存人類體內,是所有現存人類的母系最近共同祖先(MRCA),而不是不加前提的所有人類最近共同祖先。後者的後代是經由女性與男性而繁衍下來,但粒線體夏娃只能追溯母系一方。
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Mitochondrial-Eve00002mini.png)
粒線體夏娃的生存年代比最近共同祖先更遠古,根據分子鐘估算,約距今14萬年前[1],與她們相對的父系祖先「Y染色體亞當」,是生存在不同年代。
而如果使用誤差較大的估計方法,最近共同祖先可晚近到只生活在3000年前,但這必須假定全球有效參與繁殖的人口為2.5億,一個種群地區每代有一對遷移者等等。所以這個3000年的估計值只是用來檢測評估模型分割種群大小的適合度,並非學者真正的結論[2]。
粒線體夏娃一詞並不是由原來的研究者阿倫·C·威爾遜所命名[3][4]。粒線體夏娃並非是她生存年代時的唯一的女性,而是當時眾多女性的其中一位,而且其他女性同樣也有流傳至今的後代,只是她們至少有一個世代的後代只有男性,故其粒線體DNA未流傳至今[5]。除了粒線體夏娃之外,其他女性都不是所有現存人類的最近的母系共同祖先,因為她們的後續世代,至少有一個世代的後代只有男性,因而而中斷了粒線體DNA的流傳。[1][6]
參見
編輯參考文獻
編輯- ^ 1.0 1.1 Dawkins, Richard. The Ancestor's Tale, A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 2004. ISBN 0-618-00583-8.
- ^ Rohde DLT, Olson S, Chang JT (2004) "Modelling the recent common ancestry of all living humans". Nature 431: 562-566.
- ^ Cann, R.L., Stoneking, M., and Wilson, A.C., 1987, "Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution", Nature 325; pp 31–36. Online: Cann et al. (1987)
- ^ Johnson. Darwinian Detectives: Revealing the Natural History of Genes and Genomes. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. 2007: 92. ISBN 9780195306750.
- ^ Dawkins, Richard. River Out of Eden. New York: Basic Books. 1995. ISBN 0-465-06990-8.
- ^ Rohde, DLT , On the common ancestors of all living humans (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). Submitted to American Journal of Physical Anthropology. (2005)
- Excoffier, L., and Yang, Z., "Substitution Rate Variation Among Sites in Mitochondrial Hypervariable Region I of Humans and Chimpanzees", 1999, Mol. Biol. Evol. 16; pp 1357–1368
- Kaessmann, H., and Pääbo, S.: "The genetical history of humans and the great apes". Journal of Internal Medicine 251: 1–18 (2002). pubmed
延伸閱讀
編輯- Laurence Loewe and Siegfried Scherer, "Mitochondrial Eve: The Plot Thickens," Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Vol. 12, 11 November 1997, p. 422.
- Nicole Maca-Meyer , Ana M González , José M Larruga, Carlos Flores and Vicente M Cabrera (2001) "Major genomic mitochondrial lineages delineate early human expansions". BMC Genetics Biomed central (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Oppenheimer, Stephen. The Real Eve, Carroll & Graf; (September 9, 2004) ISBN 0-7867-1334-8
- Vigilant, L., Pennington, R., Harpending, H., Kocher, T.D., Wilson, A.C., 1989, "Mitochondrial DNA Sequences in Single Hairs from a Southern African Population", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86; pp 9350-9354
- Thomas J. Parsons et al., "A High Observed Substitution Rate in the Human Mitochondrial DNA Control Region," Nature Genetics, Vol. 15 April 1997, p. 365.
- Vigilant, L., Stoneking, M., Harpending, H., Hawkes, K., Wilson, A.C., 1991, "African Populations and the Evolution of the Human Mitochondrial DNA", Science 253; pp 1503–1507 Pubmed
- Watson E., Forster P., Richards M., Bandelt H.-J. (1997). "Mitochondrial Footprints of Human Expansions in Africa." American Journal of Human Genetics. 61: 691-704 pubmed
- Spencer Wells The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey, Princeton University Press, January 2003, hardcover, 246 pages, ISBN 0-691-11532-X
外部連結
編輯- Krishna Kunchithapadam, "What if anything is a Mitochondrial Eve?" (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館): a simple explanation
- Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosomal Adam Diagrams
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