马蹄铁理论

马蹄铁理论（英语：The Horseshoe theory）是一个由法国哲学家让-皮埃尔·费伊提出的，描述政治上极左派和极右派的关系的理论。其认为，极左派和极右派并非传统政治直线轴上的两个极端，反而是像马蹄铁的两个极端一般——两派其实有很多相似的地方^[1]。

马蹄铁理论和传统的政治学直线轴和政治光谱几乎互相矛盾。而马蹄铁理论的支持者则以极左和极右主张极为相似作为论点，例如近年在极左和极右阵营里都出现反犹太主义的声音。^[2]

而世界最大的策略咨询服务公司罗兰贝格咨询公司的研究员约瑟夫·约菲 (Josef Joffe)在一篇论文中指出：

“

全球化的进程能否度过阴霾呢？事实上，在2008年金融海啸以前就已经有反全球化的起事；而早在这个年代的中段，民粹派已经在展现他们愤怒的面容。而最富戏剧性的例子，是在德国和奥地利，民粹主义政党凭借孤立主义、保护主义和资源重新分配的政纲，取得选举上的大胜。在德国，是一个左翼民粹主义政党（德国左翼党）；而在奥地利，则是一组总得票率达30%的右翼政党。这里左右派又再次体现了现代政治的“马蹄铁”理论：当钢铁被扭曲时，两个尾端近得几乎可以互相接触。^[3]

”

而据《政治学家》（Political Science Scholar）网站，马蹄铁理论被列为有效和重要的政治学名词。^[4]

批评

事实上有不少社会学家认为，马蹄铁理论是不可信的。^[5]而瑞德大学（University of Reading）学者巴克（Peter Barker）^[6]在自己所著的书《民主德国和其历史》（GDR and Its History）中，引述谢菲尔德大学汤逊（Peter Thompson）的批评，认为马蹄铁理论^[7]扭曲了左右派政治主张不同的距离，更不满意这个理论无法打破传统的政治学直线轴，相类似主张之间连贯性。^[8].

备注

^ Encel, Frédéric; Thual, François. United States-Israel: A friendship that needs to be demystified. Le Figaro (Paris). 2004-11-13 [2009-02-13]. （原始内容存档于2007-09-30）. Jean-Pierre Faye's famous horseshoe theory (according to which extremes meet) finds verification here more than in other places, and the two states of delirium often mingle and meet, unfortunately spreading beyond these extremist circles. But contrary to the legend deliberately maintained and/or the commonplace believed in good faith, Israel and the United States have not always been allies; on several occasions their relations have even been strained. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ The Political Horseshoe again. AIJAC. [2009-02-13]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-16）. I think Mr. Loewenstein has done a good job demonstrating why many people believe, as the “political horseshoe” theory states, that there is a lot more common ground between the far left, where Loewenstein dwells politically, and the far right views of someone like Betty Luks than people on the left would care to admit. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ Josef Joffe. New Year’s Essay 2009 - For Roland Berger. Roland Berger. 2008-12-22 [2009-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2009-02-03）. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ Political Science Terms. Political Science Scholar. [2009-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2009-03-03）. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ Political Research Associates: Study the U.S. Political Right （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ University of Reading: Peter Barker^{[永久失效链接]}
^ University of Sheffield: Peter Thompson 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2009-01-01.
^ GDR and Its History pp103. [2009-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-23）.

[1] Encel, Frédéric; Thual, François. United States-Israel: A friendship that needs to be demystified. Le Figaro (Paris). 2004-11-13 [2009-02-13]. （原始内容存档于2007-09-30）. Jean-Pierre Faye's famous horseshoe theory (according to which extremes meet) finds verification here more than in other places, and the two states of delirium often mingle and meet, unfortunately spreading beyond these extremist circles. But contrary to the legend deliberately maintained and/or the commonplace believed in good faith, Israel and the United States have not always been allies; on several occasions their relations have even been strained. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[2] The Political Horseshoe again. AIJAC. [2009-02-13]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-16）. I think Mr. Loewenstein has done a good job demonstrating why many people believe, as the “political horseshoe” theory states, that there is a lot more common ground between the far left, where Loewenstein dwells politically, and the far right views of someone like Betty Luks than people on the left would care to admit. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[3] Josef Joffe. New Year’s Essay 2009 - For Roland Berger. Roland Berger. 2008-12-22 [2009-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2009-02-03）. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[4] Political Science Terms. Political Science Scholar. [2009-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2009-03-03）. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[5] Political Research Associates: Study the U.S. Political Right （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[6] University of Reading: Peter Barker^{[永久失效链接]}

[7] University of Sheffield: Peter Thompson 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2009-01-01.

[8] GDR and Its History pp103. [2009-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-23）.

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