维基百科

1991年伊拉克起义

1991年伊拉克起义是由伊拉克什叶派和库尔德人发动的反抗萨达姆的民族和宗教起义，此次起义发生于1991年3月至4月。当时，伊拉克因两伊战争和第一次海湾战争受挫。最终伊拉克政府获得胜利，但库尔德人建立了自治区并促使联军在伊拉克设置了禁飞区。[10]

1991 Iraqi uprisings
the aftermath of the Gulf War的一部分

An Iraqi government tank disabled by rebels
日期1 March – 5 April 1991
地点
Iraq
结果

Indecisive

  • Government victory against Shias
  • Iraqi military victory against Kurds[3]
  • Major Kurdish political victory in the north and minor military victory [4][a]
  • Mass reprisals against the population and the exodus of 1.8 million refugees from the country
  • Continued conflict in the rural south until 1994
  • Accelerated destruction of the Tigris-Euphrates marshes by Iraqi government
领土变更 Establishment of the Kurdistan Autonomous Republic, as well as the Iraqi no-fly zones
参战方

 Government

Shia and leftist opposition:

Kurdish rebels:
Peshmerga:

Support:
MEK		 Support:
 美国[1]
 伊朗[2]
 叙利亚
指挥官与领导者
Saddam Hussein
(Commander-in-Chief)
Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
Hussein Kamel
Ali Hassan al-Majid
Taha Yasin
Tariq Aziz
Qusay Hussein		 Mohammad Baqir
(Commander-in-Chief)
Abdul Aziz al-Hakim
Hadi al-Amiri
伊拉克 Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi
Massoud Barzani
Jalal Talabani
兵力
约300,000[5] 约59,000–107,000
  • SCIRI:
    约40,000–50,000[5]
  • KDP:
    约15,000–45,000[5]
  • PUK:
    约4,000–12,000[5]
伤亡与损失
约5,000 killed or captured[6] 约25,000–180,000 killed (mostly civilians)[7][8][9]

注释

编辑
  1. ^ 库尔德人的起义被伊拉克镇压，但库尔德人保留了一些土地并享有一定程度的自治权。[3]

参考资料

编辑
  1. ^ Colgan, Jeff D. Petro-Aggression: When Oil Causes War. Cambridge University Press. 2013-01-31: 115 [2023-12-25]. ISBN 978-1-107-31129-9. （原始内容存档于2023-11-10） （英语）. 
  2. ^ Terrill, W. Andrew. The United States and Iraq's Shi'ite Clergy: Partners Or Adversaries?. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. 2004: 9 [2023-12-25]. ISBN 978-1-58487-153-8. （原始内容存档于2023-11-09） （英语）. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Rafaat, Aram. Kurdistan in Iraq: The Evolution of a Quasi-State. Routledge. 2018-05-11 [2023-12-25]. ISBN 978-1-351-18881-4. （原始内容存档于2023-11-09） （英语）. Iraq successfully suppressed the Kurdish uprising of 1991 but failed to recapture the entire Kurdistan territory 
  4. ^ Cline, Lawrence E. View of The Prospects of the Shia Insurgency Movement in Iraq | Journal of Conflict Studies. Journal of Conflict Studies. August 8, 2000 [2021-08-31]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-31）. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Uppsala conflict data expansion: Non-State Actor Data: Version 3.3 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期February 21, 2014，. pp. 146; 217; 218; 502
  6. ^ ENDLESS TORMENT: The 1991 Uprising in Iraq And Its Aftermath. Human Rights Watch. 1992 [July 23, 2019]. ISBN 1-56432-069-3. （原始内容存档于October 10, 2019）. 
  7. ^ 2 Mass Graves in Iraq Unearthed. LA Times. June 5, 2006 [August 12, 2012]. （原始内容存档于January 9, 2012）. 
  8. ^ 'Chemical Ali' on trial for brutal crushing of Shia uprising. The Guardian. August 22, 2007 [December 16, 2016]. （原始内容存档于December 28, 2016）. 
  9. ^ ENDLESS TORMENT, The 1991 Uprising in Iraq And Its Aftermath. Hrw.org. [2009-09-25]. （原始内容存档于June 15, 2010）. 
  10. ^ Cline, Lawrence E. View of The Prospects of the Shia Insurgency Movement in Iraq | Journal of Conflict Studies. Journal of Conflict Studies. August 8, 2000 [2021-09-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-31）. 
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