維基百科

1991年伊拉克起義

1991年伊拉克起義是由伊拉克什葉派和庫德人發動的反抗薩達姆的民族和宗教起義，此次起義發生於1991年3月至4月。當時，伊拉克因兩伊戰爭和第一次海灣戰爭受挫。最終伊拉克政府獲得勝利，但庫德人建立了自治區並促使聯軍在伊拉克設置了禁飛區。[10]

1991 Iraqi uprisings
the aftermath of the Gulf War的一部分

An Iraqi government tank disabled by rebels
日期1 March – 5 April 1991
地點
Iraq
結果

Indecisive

  • Government victory against Shias
  • Iraqi military victory against Kurds[3]
  • Major Kurdish political victory in the north and minor military victory [4][a]
  • Mass reprisals against the population and the exodus of 1.8 million refugees from the country
  • Continued conflict in the rural south until 1994
  • Accelerated destruction of the Tigris-Euphrates marshes by Iraqi government
領土變更 Establishment of the Kurdistan Autonomous Republic, as well as the Iraqi no-fly zones
參戰方

 Government

Shia and leftist opposition:

Kurdish rebels:
Peshmerga:

Support:
MEK		 Support:
 美國[1]
 伊朗[2]
 敘利亞
指揮官與領導者
Saddam Hussein
(Commander-in-Chief)
Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
Hussein Kamel
Ali Hassan al-Majid
Taha Yasin
Tariq Aziz
Qusay Hussein		 Mohammad Baqir
(Commander-in-Chief)
Abdul Aziz al-Hakim
Hadi al-Amiri
伊拉克 Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi
Massoud Barzani
Jalal Talabani
兵力
約300,000[5] 約59,000–107,000
  • SCIRI:
    約40,000–50,000[5]
  • KDP:
    約15,000–45,000[5]
  • PUK:
    約4,000–12,000[5]
傷亡與損失
約5,000 killed or captured[6] 約25,000–180,000 killed (mostly civilians)[7][8][9]

注釋

編輯
  1. ^ 庫德人的起義被伊拉克鎮壓，但庫德人保留了一些土地並享有一定程度的自治權。[3]

參考資料

編輯
  1. ^ Colgan, Jeff D. Petro-Aggression: When Oil Causes War. Cambridge University Press. 2013-01-31: 115 [2023-12-25]. ISBN 978-1-107-31129-9. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-10） （英語）. 
  2. ^ Terrill, W. Andrew. The United States and Iraq's Shi'ite Clergy: Partners Or Adversaries?. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. 2004: 9 [2023-12-25]. ISBN 978-1-58487-153-8. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-09） （英語）. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Rafaat, Aram. Kurdistan in Iraq: The Evolution of a Quasi-State. Routledge. 2018-05-11 [2023-12-25]. ISBN 978-1-351-18881-4. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-09） （英語）. Iraq successfully suppressed the Kurdish uprising of 1991 but failed to recapture the entire Kurdistan territory 
  4. ^ Cline, Lawrence E. View of The Prospects of the Shia Insurgency Movement in Iraq | Journal of Conflict Studies. Journal of Conflict Studies. August 8, 2000 [2021-08-31]. （原始內容存檔於2021-08-31）. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Uppsala conflict data expansion: Non-State Actor Data: Version 3.3 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期February 21, 2014，. pp. 146; 217; 218; 502
  6. ^ ENDLESS TORMENT: The 1991 Uprising in Iraq And Its Aftermath. Human Rights Watch. 1992 [July 23, 2019]. ISBN 1-56432-069-3. （原始內容存檔於October 10, 2019）. 
  7. ^ 2 Mass Graves in Iraq Unearthed. LA Times. June 5, 2006 [August 12, 2012]. （原始內容存檔於January 9, 2012）. 
  8. ^ 'Chemical Ali' on trial for brutal crushing of Shia uprising. The Guardian. August 22, 2007 [December 16, 2016]. （原始內容存檔於December 28, 2016）. 
  9. ^ ENDLESS TORMENT, The 1991 Uprising in Iraq And Its Aftermath. Hrw.org. [2009-09-25]. （原始內容存檔於June 15, 2010）. 
  10. ^ Cline, Lawrence E. View of The Prospects of the Shia Insurgency Movement in Iraq | Journal of Conflict Studies. Journal of Conflict Studies. August 8, 2000 [2021-09-10]. （原始內容存檔於2021-08-31）. 
取自「https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1991年伊拉克起義&oldid=82667128」