维基百科

塔克菲里

塔克菲里是伊斯兰教中的一个概念，当伊斯兰教的各个不同教派互相攻击时，会自行将另一派的穆斯林视为异教徒以及叛教者，并用卡菲勒一词来称呼对方。这种行为就被称为塔克菲里。 [1][2][3][4][5]

根据伊斯兰教法的解释，死刑是叛教者的惩罚[3]，因此没有根据的塔克菲里指控在伊斯兰法学中也被视为一项重大禁忌行为（哈拉姆）。[6]圣训中也规定，错误地把另一位穆斯林叫作卡菲勒的人，他自己就是叛教者。[7] 塔克菲里又衍生出塔克菲里主义，塔克菲里主义者其主张“若有穆斯林叛教，则就应该将其杀死”，而那位穆斯林是否是叛教，完全由塔克菲里主义者自己决定。[8]

在伊斯兰教历史中，不同的伊斯兰教派和运动，例如什叶派穆斯林和阿赫迈底亚社群，曾多次被逊尼派穆斯林指控为卡菲勒，这种情况持续了数个世纪。[3][8][9][10][11][12] 不过什叶派圣战组织也会指控逊尼派穆斯林是卡菲勒[13][14]。哈瓦利吉派则认为逊尼派和什叶派穆斯林都是卡菲勒。[15] 自20世纪下半叶以来，一些伊斯兰国家领导人由于未能实施伊斯兰教法或被认为“信仰不足够虔诚”，也被视为卡菲勒。[16][17]

这种随意将其他穆斯林视为卡菲勒的做法也是瓦哈比派-萨拉菲派圣战（英语：Salafi jihadism）主义的“核心意识形态”，[17][9][18][19][20]特别是在卡伊达组织和伊斯兰国中尤为明显。[3][9][18][21] 一些伊斯兰教派和穆斯林学者（如优素福·卡热达维）反对这种随意将其他穆斯林贴上卡菲勒的行为。[17]

参考文献

编辑
  1. ^ Hunwick, J. O.; Clifford Edmund Bosworth. Takfīr. Bosworth, C. E. (编). 伊斯兰百科全书 10. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. 2000. ISBN 978-9004161214. ISSN Heinrichs 请检查|issn=值 (帮助). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1154.  Authors list列表缺少|last1= (帮助); editor-name-list parameters只需其一 (帮助); Editors list列表中的|first2=缺少|last2= (帮助)
  2. ^ Adang. Belief and Unbelief: Choice or Destiny?. McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (编). Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān（英语：Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān） I. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. 2001. ISBN 978-90-04-14743-0. doi:10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00025. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Poljarevic, Emin. Cusack, Carole M.; Upal, M. Afzal , 编. Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion 21. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. 2021: 485–512. ISBN 978-9004435544. ISSN 1874-6691. doi:10.1163/9789004435544_026. 
  4. ^ Blanchard, Christopher. Islam: Sunnis and Shia (PDF). Washington, D.C.: 国会研究处. 28 January 2009 [10 August 2022]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于11 May 2022）. 
  5. ^ 伊党“塔克菲里”思想遗毒犹在. 联合早报. 2024-01-09 [2024-12-07] （中文）. 
  6. ^ Brown, Michael. Contending with Terrorism. 2010: 89. [缺少ISBN]
  7. ^ Shiraz Maher, Salafi-Jihadism: The History of an Idea, Penguin UK (2017), p. 75 [缺少ISBN]
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Badara, Mohamed; Nagata, Masaki; Tueni, Tiphanie. The Radical Application of the Islamist Concept of Takfir (PDF). Arab Law Quarterly（英语：Arab Law Quarterly） (Leiden: Brill Publishers). June 2017, 31 (2): 134–162 [25 October 2021]. ISSN 1573-0255. doi:10.1163/15730255-31020044. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于11 July 2019）. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Baele. Giles, Howard , 编. Conspiratorial Narratives in Violent Political Actors' Language (PDF). Journal of Language and Social Psychology（英语：Journal of Language and Social Psychology） (Sage Publications). October 2019, 38 (5–6): 706–734 [3 January 2022]. ISSN 1552-6526. S2CID 195448888. doi:10.1177/0261927X19868494  . hdl:10871/37355  . 
  10. ^ Rickenbacher, Daniel. Jikeli, Gunther , 编. The Centrality of Anti-Semitism in the Islamic State's Ideology and Its Connection to Anti-Shiism. Religions (journal)（英语：Religions (journal)） (Basel, Switzerland: MDPI). August 2019, 10 (8: "The Return of Religious Antisemitism?"): 483. ISSN 2077-1444. doi:10.3390/rel10080483  . 
  11. ^ Ghasemi, Faezeh. Anti-Shiism Discourse (PhD论文). 德黑兰大学. 2020. 

     · Ghasemi, Faezeh. Anti-Shiite and Anti-Iranian Discourses in ISIS Texts. Discourse. 2017, 11 (3): 75–96. 

     · Matthiesen, Toby. The Islamic State Exploits Entrenched Anti-Shia Incitement. Sada. 卡内基国际和平基金会. 21 July 2015. 
  12. ^ Uddin, Asma T. https://books.google.com/books?id=k9TVCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA81 |chapterurl=缺少标题 (帮助). Kirkham, David M. (编). State Responses to Minority Religions. Ashgate Inform Series on Minority Religions and Spiritual Movements. Farnham, UK and Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate Publishing/Routledge. 2014: 81–98. ISBN 978-1-4724-1647-6. LCCN 2013019344. 
  13. ^ Siegel, Alexandra. Sectarian Twitter Wars: Sunni-Shia Conflict and Cooperation in the Digital Age (PDF). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: 6. December 2015. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于3 May 2023）. 
  14. ^ Y. Zelin, Smyth, Aaron, Phillip. The Vocabulary of Sectarianism. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. 29 January 2014. （原始内容存档于1 February 2022）. 
  15. ^ Izutsu, Toshihiko. https://books.google.com/books?id=PDxHG5MtLawC&pg=PA1 |chapterurl=缺少标题 (帮助). The Infidel (Kāfir): The Khārijites and the origin of the problem. 东京都: Keio Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Studies at 庆应义塾大学. 2006: 1–20 [1965]. ISBN 9839154702. 
  16. ^ Nedza, Justyna. Adang, Camilla; Ansari, Hassan; Fierro, Maribel; Schmidtke, Sabine , 编. Accusations of Unbelief in Islam: A Diachronic Perspective on Takfīr. Islamic History and Civilization 123. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. 2016: 304–326. ISBN 978-9004307834. ISSN 0929-2403. doi:10.1163/9789004307834_013. 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Takfiri. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. [18 December 2020]. （原始内容存档于January 17, 2013）. 
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 Badara, Mohamed; Nagata, Masaki. Modern Extremist Groups and the Division of the World: A Critique from an Islamic Perspective. Arab Law Quarterly（英语：Arab Law Quarterly） (Leiden: Brill Publishers). November 2017, 31 (4): 305–335. ISSN 1573-0255. doi:10.1163/15730255-12314024  . 
  19. ^ Jalal, Ayesha. Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 2009: 239–240. ISBN 978-0674039070. doi:10.4159/9780674039070-007. 
  20. ^ Oliveti, Vincenzo. Terror's Source: The Ideology of Wahhabi-Salafism and its Consequences. Birmingham: Amadeus Books, 2002 [缺少ISBN].
  21. ^ Julie Rajan, V. G. https://books.google.com/books?id=Pz5yBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |chapterurl=缺少标题 (帮助). Al Qaeda's Global Crisis: The Islamic State, Takfir, and the Genocide of Muslims. Contemporary Terrorism Studies. London and New York: Routledge. 2015: 44–102. ISBN 978-1138221802. LCCN 2014031954. 
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