德国历史 (1945年—1990年)
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1945年至1990年德国历史指从1945年纳粹德国于二战被盟军击溃、两德分裂至1990年重新统一的这段历史。当纳粹德国于二战被击溃后，德国因世界东西两大阵营对立而分裂，即两德分裂。德国被剥夺了战争收益，东部领土被波兰和苏联所夺取。在战争结束时，德国有大约800万外国流离失所者;[1] 主要是强迫劳动者和囚犯; 包括来自集中营系统的大约40万人，[2]更多的幸存者，他们死于饥饿，恶劣的条件，谋杀或被处死。超过1000万讲德语的难民从中欧和东欧的其他国家抵达德国。[1]大约900万德国人是战俘，其中许多人被迫作为强迫劳动者数年，为德国在战争中遭受破坏的国家提供恢复原状，并取消了一些工业设备作为赔偿。
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 西德 |
 东德 |
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冷战时期，德国分别由同盟国占领西部和苏联占领东部。直到1949年东西两国建立时，德国人在政府中几乎没有发言权：
德意志联邦共和国，通称西德或联邦德国，是一个议会民主制且采取资本主义经济体系，以及具有自由的教会和工会。
德意志民主共和国，通称东德或民主德国，是一个马列主义社会主义共和国，一定程度上苏联共产党影响的德国统一社会党执政，以便将其保留在苏联的势力范围内。[3]
在经历了1955年的莱茵河奇迹后，西德成为欧洲最繁荣的经济体。在康拉德·阿登纳的领导下，西德与法国，美国和以色列建立了牢固的关系。西德也加入了北大西洋公约组织和欧洲经济共同体（后来成为欧盟）。东德由于其经济基本上是为了满足苏联的需要而组织起来，因而停滞不前; 秘密警察（史塔西）严密控制着日常生活，柏林墙（1961年）结束了向西部不断涌入的难民。德国于1990年重新统一。此后，随著作为东德执政党的统一社会党的衰落和东德的垮台，德国也再次成为世界大国。
参考
编辑- ^ 1.0 1.1 Stragart, Nicholas. The German War; a nation under arms, 1939-45. Bodley Head. 2015: 549.
- ^ Wachsmann, Nikolaus. KL; A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps. Little, Brown. 2015: 544.
- ^ Knowles, Chris. Germany 1945-1949: a case study in post-conflict reconstruction. History & Policy. History & Policy. 29 January 2014 [19 July 2016]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-07）.
Works cited
- Fulbrook, Mary. [1]"The Two Germanies, 1945–90" (ch. 7) and "The Federal Republic of Germany Since 1990" (ch. 8) in A Concise History of Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004): 203–249; 249–257.
- Jean Edward Smith, Germany Beyond The Wall: People, Politics, and Prosperity, Boston: Little, Brown, & Company, 1969.
- Jean Edward Smith, Lucius D. Clay: An American Life, New York: Henry, Holt, & Company, 1990.
- Jean Edward Smith, The Defense of Berlin, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1963.
- Jean Edward Smith, The Papers of Lucius D. Clay, 2 Vols., Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1974.
- David H Childs, Germany in the Twentieth Century, (From pre-1918 to the restoration of German unity), Batsford, Third edition, 1991. ISBN 0-7134-6795-9
- David H Childs and Jeffrey Johnson, West Germany: Politics And Society, Croom Helm, 1982. ISBN 0-7099-0702-8
- David H Childs, The Two Red Flags: European Social Democracy & Soviet Communism Since 1945, Routledge, 2000. [2]
外部链接
编辑
- Germany at the onset of the cold war （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- James F. Byrnes, Speaking Frankly （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (The division of Germany)
- The President's Economic Mission to Germany and Austria, Report No. 1 (1947) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- The President's Economic Mission to Germany and Austria, Report 3 (1947) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- The Struggle for Germany and the Origins of the Cold War by Melvyn P. Leffler
- Contemporary History （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） maintained by the Institute for Contemporary Historical Research in Potsdam （德文）
- Special German series 2. The Committee on Dismemberment of Germany Allied discussions on the dismemberment of Germany into separate states, 29 March 1945.
- The overlooked majority: German women in the four zones of occupied Germany, 1945–1949, a comparative study[永久失效链接]
- East Berlin, Past and Present
- Germany Under Reconstruction is a digital collection that provides a varied selection of publications in both English and German from the period immediately following World War II. Many are publications of the U.S. occupying forces, including reports and descriptions of efforts to introduce U.S.-style democracy to Germany. Some of the other books and documents describe conditions in a country devastated by years of war, efforts at political, economic and cultural development, and the differing perspectives coming from the U.S. and British zones and the Russian zone of occupation.
- For representation of the German Partition in literature, one can consult the Raiganj University - Associate Professor Pinaki Roy's "Das Bewusstsein für die Wand: A Very Brief Review of German Partition Literature", in The Atlantic Critical Review Quarterly (ISSN 0972-6373; ISBN 978-81-269-1747-1) 11 (2), April–June 2012: 157–68. In his "Patriots in Fremden Landern: 1939-45 German Émigré Literature", collected in Writing Difference: Nationalism, Identity, and Literature, edited by G.N. Ray, J. Sarkar, and A. Bhattacharyya, and published by the New Delhi-based Atlantic Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd. in 2014 (ISBN 978-81-269-1938-3; pages-367-90), Roy examines the attitudes and ideologies of those anti-Nazi German litterateurs who were forced to relocate due to their opposition to National Socialism and hence suffered from a sort of identity-crisis.
- Post-World War II Posters from Germany, 1945-1947 From the Collections at the Library of Congress
- Chronology of the East-West-German division （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）