酪蛋白
酪蛋白(Casein,源自拉丁语的caseus,意思为起士。中文或称起士素),含有磷酸根,属于磷蛋白(αS1, αS2, β, κ)。酪蛋白是哺乳类的奶的主要成分,在牛奶含有的蛋白质中占80%,人奶含有的蛋白质中则占 20% - 45%。[1]
组成
编辑酪蛋白含有大量的脯氨酸,这些脯氨酸通常不参与有机体中的化学反应。酪蛋白也不具双硫键,因此它没有明显的三级结构。酪蛋白呈略疏水性,在牛奶中被包覆在称为酪蛋白胶束的囊中。它与界面活性剂型的胶束并不相同,因为它们的疏水端在外,而且它们是圆形的;更大的不同点是,其胶束内部是高度亲水的。胶束内的酪蛋白受钙离子与疏水效应而被束缚。目前有许多不同的模型试图解释胶束内酪蛋白的特殊结构。[2] 其中一种模型认为胶束是由许多更小的胶束组成,而κ-酪蛋白包在更小的胶束周围。[3][4] 另一个模型推测胶束是由酪蛋白之间交错的极细纤维组成。[5]最新提出的模型[6]则认为酪蛋白间的双键胶合而构成了胶束。这些模型的相似处在于他们都认为胶束是酪蛋白聚集产生的微小悬浮粒子,并被可溶于水的κ-酪蛋白所包覆。
酪蛋白的等电点是4.6,而牛奶的pH值是6.6,因此可知酪蛋白在牛奶中带负电。纯化的酪蛋白在水中或中性盐类溶液中均不溶,但在稀的碱性溶液中可溶,并且也溶于草酸钠、醋酸钠之溶液。
应用
编辑酪蛋白之应用广泛,除了是起士的主要材料之外,也可用作营养补给品、食品原料、油漆、木胶、塑胶纤维或牙医材料[8]。
参考文献
编辑- ^ Kunz, C; Lonnerdal, B. Human-milk proteins: analysis of casein and casein subunits.... American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (The American Society for Clinical Nutrition). 1990, 51 (1): 37–46 [14 January 2011]. PMID 1688683. (原始内容存档于2011-05-27).
- ^ Dalgleish DG. Casein micelles as colloids. Surface structures and stabilities. Journal of Dairy Science. 1 November 1998, 81 (11): 3013–8 [2013-10-17]. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75865-5. (原始内容存档于2019-09-05).
- ^ Walstra, Pieter. The voluminosity of bovine casein micelles and some of its implications. Journal of Dairy Research. 1979, 46: 317–323. ISSN 1469-7629. doi:10.1017/S0022029900017234.
- ^ Lucey JA. Formation and Physical Properties of Milk Protein Gels. Journal of Dairy Science. 1 February 2002, 85 (2): 281–94 [2013-10-17]. PMID 11913691. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74078-2. (原始内容存档于2020-01-31).
- ^ Holt C. Structure and stability of bovine casein micelles. Adv Protein Chem. 1992, 43: 63–151. PMID 1442324. doi:10.1016/S0065-3233(08)60554-9.
- ^ Horne DS. Casein interactions: Casting light on the black boxes, the structure in dairy products. Int Dairy J. March 1998, 8 (3): 171–7. doi:10.1016/S0958-6946(98)00040-5.
- ^ CCMR - Ask A Scientist!. Ccmr.cornell.edu. 1998-09-24 [2011-09-29]. (原始内容存档于2011-09-28).
- ^ "Industrial Casein" 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2012-11-12., National Casein Company
延伸阅读
编辑- Campbell, T. Colin and Campbell, Thomas M. The China Study. Benbella Books, 2006.
- Green VA, Pituch KA, Itchon J, Choi A, O'Reilly M, Sigafoos J. Internet survey of treatments used by parents of children with autism. Res Dev Disabil. 2006, 27 (1): 70–84. PMID 15919178. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2004.12.002.
- Lucarelli S, Frediani T, Zingoni AM, et al. Food allergy and infantile autism. Panminerva Med. September 1995, 37 (3): 137–41. PMID 8869369.
- Rao MB, Tanksale AM, Ghatge MS, Deshpande VV. Molecular and biotechnological aspects of microbial proteases. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1 September 1998, 62 (3): 597–635 [2018-02-02]. PMC 98927 . PMID 9729602. (原始内容存档于2019-06-14).
- Engel RW, Copeland DH. The influence of dietary casein level on tumor induction with 2-acetylaminofluorene. Cancer Res. 1 December 1952, 12 (12): 905–8 [2018-02-02]. PMID 13009679. (原始内容存档于2013-01-12).
- Manninen, A.H. Protein metabolism in exercising humans with special reference to protein supplementation. Master thesis (PDF). Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kuopio, Finland. 2002 [2018-02-02]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-12-28).
- Robert H. Demling; Leslie DeSanti. Effect of a Hypocaloric Diet, Increased Protein Intake and Resistance Training on Lean Mass Gains and Fat Mass Loss in Overweight Police Officers. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 2000, 44 (1): 21–29. doi:10.1159/000012817.
外部链接
编辑- Healing Thresholds – summarizes scientific evidence on casein-free diets and other therapies for autism
- Eating without Casein (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) a practical guide to eating and living without casein
- 医学主题词表(MeSH):Caseins
- 时代杂志 magazine, Monday, December 6, 1936 Lanital (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Time magazine, Monday, August 29, 1938 Wool from Cows (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)