维基百科:台湾教育专案/政大世界民族志学习作业/马耳他人
马耳他人 | |
---|---|
总人口 | |
700万 | |
分布地区 | |
马耳他 395,969 (Maltese descent only)[1] | |
澳大利亚 | 163,990 |
美国 | 40,820 |
英国 | 40,230 |
加拿大 | 38,780 |
意大利 | 31,000 |
语言 | |
马耳他语、英语、意大利语 | |
宗教信仰 | |
天主教 |
马耳他人(马耳他语:Maltin,意大利语:Maltesi)是马耳他中的一种民族和族裔,他们说一种马耳他语,即一种闪族语。
民族分布、人口、语言
编辑民族分布、人口
编辑马耳他人大部分分布在马耳他,人口总计约390,000多人(89%的城市人口),每平方公里人口1,234人,是世界最高的人口密度之一。另外,也有部分人口因移民散居在他国:163,000多人在澳洲、40000多人在美国、40000多人在英国、31000多人在意大利。
语言
编辑马耳他人讲马耳他语,这是一种独特的混合语种,基本上是闪族语言,并以标准格式的拉丁字母书写。该语言起源于西库里阿拉伯语的一种绝种方言Siculo-Arabic,当时在西西里岛被土著人民使用。[2]在马耳他的历史进程中,该语言采用了西西里语和意大利语的大量词汇,而英语跟法语则少部分的出现在该语言当中。实际上,该语言当中大量表面上的阿拉伯语单词和习惯用语都是西西里语和意大利语的借用翻译(方言),对于使用其他阿拉伯语源语言的使用者来说是无法看懂的。
马耳他语于1934年成为马耳他的官方语言,取代了意大利语,并加入了英语。马耳他大约有371,900名讲该语言的人,根据统计数据,他们说100%的人能够说马耳他语,88%的英语,66%的意大利语和17%的法语,与大多数其他欧洲人相比,其为语言能力更高的国家。[3]实际上,在马耳他,使用多种语言是一种普遍现象,日常生活中经常使用英语,马耳他语(有时还有意大利语)。尽管基本的阿拉伯语词汇核心满足了农村社会以及大多数个人和家庭情况的交流需求,但几个世纪以来获得的词汇量随着新技能的发展而不断增长。因此,西西里语单词经常用于木制品,捕鱼和建筑等传统工艺中,而意大利语单词则主要用于教育,文化,宗教,行政和法律领域。最重要的是,英国时期引入的新领域和活动的术语–船坞,航空,会计和税收–或已经彻底更新的术语,例如医学,科学和技术,尤其是涉及电气和电子设备的领域和实践,充满了英语单词。
双语和语言切换
编辑政府的政策是使马耳他真正成为双语国家,学校以英语授课大部分课程,有些以马耳他语授课,而行政部门则使用双语形式。但是,并非所有人都对两种语言都感到同样有信心。在大学中,大多数科目都是用英语授课的,在银行,会计办公室,医疗服务和IT公司等某些环境中,英语是首选,但非专业人士更喜欢马耳他语。当地语言的活力和对民族认同的政治坚持,帮助马耳他语入侵了50年前英语占主导地位的领域(甚至ATM和Google也提供了马耳他语的选择),但这是有代价的。
语言切换和混合非常普遍。每个人都谴责在语言之间进行切换,但至少有三分之一的人口会在对话中进行这种切换。语言切换是否会破坏语言,马耳他语是否会被遗弃。目前,似乎遥不可及,因为大多人都不认为混音是一种永久结构。这只不过是一种妥协,即在知道两种语言的人之间进行非正式发言时,他们会直觉式的讲出两种语言当中最先出现在脑海中的词汇,无论是马耳他语还是英语。实际上,当与马耳他语或英语人士或外国人说话时,没有人会在语言之间切换。
[2]尽管马耳他语是本国语言,且根据2005年的调查,马耳他人中以马耳他语为母语的比例仍为97 %。[4]但随着英语的崛起,可能会开始语言转换;。[5][6]
地理环境
编辑马耳他是地中海中部的一个岛屿。距西西里岛96公里,距北非海岸290公里。群岛上最重要的岛屿是马耳他和戈佐(Għawdex),其总表面积为316平方公里。 马耳他人定义的族裔中包括居住在马耳他的姊妹岛戈佐岛的戈兹坦人(马耳他语:Gawawdxin,意大利语:Gozitani)。
历史沿革
编辑目前的马耳他人以使用马耳他语和信仰罗马天主教为特点,是西西里岛和卡拉布里亚(他们在第二个千年的第二个世纪初重新居住在马耳他群岛后,在公元870年[7][8],Aghlabids征服阿拉伯人之后,因此人口减少了一个世纪)殖民者的后裔,在之后经过大量的混合和繁衍。
Capelli等人的遗传研究表明马耳他在10世纪初时几乎没有人居住,并且很可能是来自西西里岛和卡拉布里亚的定居者移民,他们说西库里-阿拉伯语[9][10]。岛上以前的居民-腓尼基人,罗马人,拜占庭人-但是大多数地名都被丢失和取代,没有留下什么遗迹。诺曼人于1091年征服了该岛,并于1249年将基督教传入[11]。这种重新基督教化为从现已失的西库里-阿拉伯语方言发展成为马耳他语创造了条件[12]。但是历史学家和遗传学家对此进行了激烈的辩论。
起源问题由于多种因素而变得复杂,包括马耳他动荡不安的入侵和征服历史、长期人口稀少、之后移民到马耳他以及来自地中海的马耳他统治者,西欧和南欧的移民与马耳他通婚。
•1223年将塞拉诺(意大利)镇的全部男性人口流放到马耳他
•在整个13世纪,欧洲人口再度增加[14]
•1283年至1425年,数千名阿拉贡人(即来自当前西班牙的加泰罗尼亚人,巴伦西亚人,马略卡人和阿拉贡人)到来
•1372年至1450年之间,来自西西里岛(意大利)和阿拉贡(现在主要是西班牙的一部分)的贵族在马耳他定居
•1551年以及1566年再次引进了数千名西西里劳工
•1849年的复兴运动中约有891名意大利流亡者移居马耳他
•从1807年至1979年,约有22,000名英国军人在马耳他驻扎(只有一小部分人留在岛上)[15],以及数十年来在马耳他定居的其他英国人和爱尔兰人
•大规模移民发生在第二次世界大战之后,并一直持续到1960年代和70年代。 许多马耳他人离开该岛前往英国,澳大利亚,加拿大和美国。马耳他于2004年加入欧盟后,外籍社区在欧洲国家(例如比利时的一个国家)增长
•随着时间的流逝,马耳他的各个统治者发表了自己对人口种族的看法。[16]马耳他骑士淡化了伊斯兰教在马耳他的作用,并提倡罗马天主教会持续存在的想法。[17]
社会、家庭、婚姻
编辑
社会
编辑1964年7月21日颁布的独立《宪法》规定,马耳他为君主立宪制政体,英国君主为马耳他国家元首。1974年12月13日修改宪法,马耳他成为共和国,总统为国家元首,由马耳他议会选举产生,任期五年,议会为一院制,称众议院。
家庭
编辑家庭马耳他的传统谚语揭示了生育和生育的文化重要性:“ 无子女婚姻不可能是幸福的婚姻”。这是马耳他与许多其他地中海文化共享的信念。这是受到“他们从此和孩子过上幸福生活”的马耳他民间故事的结局公式影响
在孩子的第一个生日上,按照今天仍然存在的传统,马耳他父母会组织一场名为il-quċċija的游戏,在游戏中,会在坐着的孩子周围随机放置各种符号对象。这些可能包括煮鸡蛋、圣经、十字架或念珠,书等。据说孩子最感兴趣的对像是揭示孩子成年后的道路和命运。
婚姻
编辑传统的马耳他婚礼的特色是聚会在华丽的树冠下游行,从新娘的家到教区教堂,歌手尾随在后面为新娘和新郎演唱小夜曲。但是这种习俗与许多其他习俗早已从岛屿上消失了。今天的夫妻新婚妻子会穿上传统的马耳他服装在他们选择的村庄或城镇的教堂或教堂结婚。婚礼后通常会举行豪华欢喜的婚宴,通常包括数百名客人。
遗传学
编辑Y-DNA单倍群在马耳他的出现频率如下:R1(35.55%,包括32.2%R1b),J(28.90%,包括21.10%J2和7.8%J1),I(12.20%),E(11.10%,包括8.9%) E1b1b),F(6.70%),K(4.40%),P(1.10%)。[18] R1和I单倍群在欧洲人群中很常见,E,K,F和J单倍群由谱系组成,这些谱系分布不同,主要分布在中东和北非。 Capelli等人的研究。得出的结论是,马耳他的当代男性很可能起源于意大利南部。[19]这项研究还表明,在十世纪初,马耳他几乎没有人居住,并且很可能是讲西库里语和阿拉伯语的西西里岛和卡拉布里亚定居者重新居住的。[20][21]这些发现证实了杰弗里·赫尔(Geoffrey Hull)于1993年提出的有关语言和语言的证据,他将最古老的马耳他姓氏追溯到西西里岛的南部和东南部,特别是阿格里真托地区。[22]
Capelli等人的研究。 2015年,马耳他男性遗传标记与西西里人和卡拉布里亚人的记聚在一起,而来自东地中海的输入较少,且对黎巴嫩具有遗传亲和力。[23]
贝鲁特美国大学的遗传学家Spencer Wells(2017)和Pierre Zalloua进行的另一项研究声称,来自马耳他男性的Y染色体的50%以上可能起源于腓尼基。[24] [25]然而,该研究没有经过同行评议,并且与主要的同行评议研究认为马耳他人与意大利南部人有着共同的血统,而来自东地中海或北非的基因输入却很少相矛盾。[26][27]
产业与生活
编辑马耳他几乎不存在自然资源:马耳他仅生产约20%的自然资源,粮食需求,淡水供应有限,没有家庭能源。旅游业约占国内生产总值的25%,经济也依赖
一些部门的对外贸易,主要是电子,机械和运输设备。
饮食
编辑马耳他汇集了意大利、突尼斯、英国风味的菜肴。而烹饪的手法和色彩又颇有埃及风味。马耳他人传统的烹煮,又和西西里岛人、摩尔人有所不同。可以说马耳他人吸收了各方精华,并开创了特有的地中海风格。
鱼和肉在马耳他人的生活中是必不可少的。马耳他本地餐厅每天都会提供多种海鲜,供客人选择,食材非常新鲜。特色食物非常多,比如马耳他羊奶酪(Ġbejna)、马耳他肠(用特质的奶酪和猪肉混合而成);海鲜类有马耳他国鱼鲯鳅(Lampuki,又名鬼头刀)、大虾、八爪鱼、章鱼和剑鱼;特色菜有炖兔肉(Fenkata)及各类小吃和糕点。
在马耳他,酒水以葡萄酒为主。干红酒的度数在8-14度不等。且自从加入欧洲盟后,在马耳他可以用非常便宜的价位买到葡萄酒。
信仰与习俗
编辑马耳他的宪法有赋予人民信仰的自由,但以罗马天主教为国教。 马耳他人最初来是自于拜占庭(希腊)的基督徒,就像以前西西里的基督徒一样。所以最初的朝拜的时马耳他语,包含了希腊与阿拉伯语。(后者是在马耳他被阿拉伯占领时,说阿拉伯语的西西里人在朝拜时使用的)。 罗马的仪式(以拉丁文为仪式语言)是在14世纪时,从各个岛屿收集而来,虽然希腊天主教在1530年,为了罗德岛的居民还有其他希腊的追随者,被圣约翰重建。
马耳他有出现在使徒行传(27:39-42与28:1-11),当保罗与他的使徒们在前往罗马的路上,出现了沉船的试炼。 自由之家与世界概况指出,98%的马耳他人是天主教徒(大部分是罗马教派,少部分为拜占庭教派),使它成为天主教徒比例最高的国家之一。[28]
移民
编辑马耳他长期以来一直是移民国,在国外的英语国家和法国都有大型的马耳他人社区。大规模移民在19世纪发生,在第二次世界大战后的几十年达到顶峰。最初迁移到北非国家(尤其是阿尔及利亚,突尼斯和埃及);后来马耳他移民前往英国,美国,加拿大和澳大利亚。在独立运动兴起之后,在北非的法马尔人社区几乎没有留下任何痕迹,其中大多数人流离失所,流向法国(特别是马赛和里维埃拉)、英国或澳大利亚等地。法马尔人与马耳他的马耳他人在文化上是不同的,因为前者始终坚持使用意大利语(通常但并非总是与马耳他语一起)以及讲法语。尽管移徙已不再是具有重要意义的社会现象,但在澳大利亚,加拿大,美国和英国仍然有重要的马耳他人社区。自1970年代中期以来,移民急剧下降,此后不再是一种具有重要意义的社会现象。自马耳他于2004年加入欧盟以来,在许多欧洲国家(特别是在比利时和卢森堡)涌现了外来移民社区。
文学与艺术
编辑马耳他出版的大多数书籍都是马耳他文。它们主要是儿童读物,小说和宗教书籍。
马耳他语除了有流行音乐领域,另外传统的għana(原本仅限于马耳他社会的一小部分,但最近通过每年一次的节日ta’l-G Festivalana[民间音乐节]的组织得到了推动),也是以马耳他语作为歌词内容。但是,就像在其他欧洲国家/地区,英语现代音乐的盛行在马耳他群岛上也很明显,甚至在文学和戏剧方面,英语内容的呈现方式所受的欢迎程度也已经不输马耳他语。[6]
马耳他人热爱音乐以及舞蹈,在马耳他每年都有许多相关内容的节日,像是:Ghanafest民间音乐节。MTV夏季音乐节、爵士音乐节、地中海传统文化节。
参考资料
编辑- "Gozo". IslandofGozo.org. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 22 August 2008.
- So who are the 'real' Maltese. There’s a gap between 800 and 1200 where there is no record of civilisation. It doesn’t mean the place was completely uninhabited. There may have been a few people living here and there, but not much……..The Arab influence on the Maltese language is not a result of Arab rule in Malta, Prof. Felice said. The influence is probably indirect, since the Arabs raided the island and left no-one behind, except for a few people. There are no records of civilisation of any kind at the time. The kind of Arabic used in the Maltese language is most likely derived from the language spoken by those that repopulated the island from Sicily in the early second millennium; it is known as Siculo-Arab. The Maltese are mostly descendants of these people.
- Genetic Origin of Contemporary Maltese People. Repopulation is likely to have occurred by a clan or clans (possibly of Arab or Arab-like speaking people) from neighbouring Sicily and Calabria. Possibly, they could have mixed with minute numbers of residual inhabitants, with a constant input of immigrants from neighbouring countries and later, even from afar. There seems to be little input from North Africa.
- The origin of the Maltese surnames. Ibn Khaldun puts the expulsion of Islam from the Maltese Islands to the year 1249. It is not clear what actually happened then, except that the Maltese language, derived from Arabic, certainly survived. Either the number of Christians was far larger than Giliberto had indicated, and they themselves already spoke Maltese, or a large proportion of the Muslims themselves accepted baptism and stayed behind. Henri Bresc has written that there are indications of further Muslim political activity on Malta during the last Suabian years. Anyhow there is no doubt that by the beginning of Angevin times no professed Muslim Maltese remained either as free persons or even as serfs on the island.
- Brincat, 2005. Maltese - an unusual formula. Originally Maltese was an Arabic dialect but it was immediately exposed to Latinisation because the Normans conquered the islands in 1090, while Christianisation, which was complete by 1250, cut off the dialect from contact with Classical Arabic. Consequently Maltese developed on its own, slowly but steadily absorbing new words from Sicilian and Italian according to the needs of the developing community.
- Debattista, Martin; Timeline of Malta History; retrieved on [2008-05-14]
- Constantiae Imperatricis et Reginae Siciliae Diplomata: 1195-1198, ed. T.K.Slzer (Vienna, 1983), 237-240.
- Joseph M. Brincat, "Language and Demography in Malta: The Social Foundations of the Symbiosis between Semitic and Romance in Standard Maltese," in Malta: A Case Study in International Cross-Currents. Proceedings of the First International Colloquium on the history of the Central Mediterranean held at the University of Malta, 13–17 December 1989. Ed: S. Fiorini and V. Mallia-Milanes (Malta University Publications, Malta Historical Society, and Foundation for International Studies, University of Malta) at 91-110. Last visited 5 August 2007.
- Anthony Luttrell, "Medieval Malta: the Non-written and the Written Evidence", in Malta: A Case Study in International Cross-Currents. Proceedings of the First International Colloquium on the history of the Central Mediterranean held at the University of Malta, 13–17 December 1989. Ed: S. Fiorini and V. Mallia-Milanes (Malta University Publications, Malta Historical Society, and Foundation for International Studies, University of Malta) at 33-45. Last visited 5 August 2007.
- Anthony T. Luttrell, "Girolamo Manduca and Gian Francesco Abela: Tradition and invention in Maltese Historiography," in Melita Historica, 7 (1977) 2 (105-132). Last visited 5 August 2007.
- ^ Census of population and housing 2011. pp. 37. National Statistics Office of Malta
- ^ 2.0 2.1 MED Magazine.
- ^ Europeans and their Languages (PDF).
- ^ EUROPEANS AND LANGUAGES (PDF).
- ^ European Commission, "Malta: Country Profile", Euromosaic Study (September 2004)
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Archived copy (PDF).
- ^ "Gozo". IslandofGozo.org. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 22 August 2008.
- ^ So who are the 'real' Maltese. There’s a gap between 800 and 1200 where there is no record of civilisation. It doesn’t mean the place was completely uninhabited. There may have been a few people living here and there, but not much……..The Arab influence on the Maltese language is not a result of Arab rule in Malta, Prof. Felice said. The influence is probably indirect, since the Arabs raided the island and left no-one behind, except for a few people. There are no records of civilisation of any kind at the time. The kind of Arabic used in the Maltese language is most likely derived from the language spoken by those that repopulated the island from Sicily in the early second millennium; it is known as Siculo-Arab. The Maltese are mostly descendants of these people.
- ^ R Genetic Origin of Contemporary Maltese People. Repopulation is likely to have occurred by a clan or clans (possibly of Arab or Arab-like speaking people) from neighbouring Sicily and Calabria. Possibly, they could have mixed with minute numbers of residual inhabitants, with a constant input of immigrants from neighbouring countries and later, even from afar. There seems to be little input from North Africa.
- ^ So who are the 'real' Maltese. There’s a gap between 800 and 1200 where there is no record of civilisation. It doesn’t mean the place was completely uninhabited. There may have been a few people living here and there, but not much……..The Arab influence on the Maltese language is not a result of Arab rule in Malta, Prof. Felice said. The influence is probably indirect, since the Arabs raided the island and left no-one behind, except for a few people. There are no records of civilisation of any kind at the time. The kind of Arabic used in the Maltese language is most likely derived from the language spoken by those that repopulated the island from Sicily in the early second millennium; it is known as Siculo-Arab. The Maltese are mostly descendants of these people
- ^ The origin of the Maltese surnames. Ibn Khaldun puts the expulsion of Islam from the Maltese Islands to the year 1249. It is not clear what actually happened then, except that the Maltese language, derived from Arabic, certainly survived. Either the number of Christians was far larger than Giliberto had indicated, and they themselves already spoke Maltese, or a large proportion of the Muslims themselves accepted baptism and stayed behind. Henri Bresc has written that there are indications of further Muslim political activity on Malta during the last Suabian years. Anyhow there is no doubt that by the beginning of Angevin times no professed Muslim Maltese remained either as free persons or even as serfs on the island.
- ^ Brincat, 2005. Maltese - an unusual formula. Originally Maltese was an Arabic dialect but it was immediately exposed to Latinisation because the Normans conquered the islands in 1090, while Christianisation, which was complete by 1250, cut off the dialect from contact with Classical Arabic. Consequently Maltese developed on its own, slowly but steadily absorbing new words from Sicilian and Italian according to the needs of the developing community.
- ^ Debattista, Martin; Timeline of Malta History; retrieved on [2008-05-14]
- ^ Constantiae Imperatricis et Reginae Siciliae Diplomata: 1195-1198, ed. T.K.Slzer (Vienna, 1983), 237-240. Joseph M. Brincat, "Lang
- ^ Joseph M. Brincat, "Language and Demography in Malta: The Social Foundations of the Symbiosis between Semitic and Romance in Standard Maltese," in Malta: A Case Study in International Cross-Currents. Proceedings of the First International Colloquium on the history of the Central Mediterranean held at the University of Malta, 13–17 December 1989. Ed: S. Fiorini and V. Mallia-Milanes (Malta University Publications, Malta Historical Society, and Foundation for International Studies, University of Malta) at 91-110. Last visited 5 August 2007.
- ^ Anthony Luttrell, "Medieval Malta: the Non-written and the Written Evidence", in Malta: A Case Study in International Cross-Currents. Proceedings of the First International Colloquium on the history of the Central Mediterranean held at the University of Malta, 13–17 December 1989. Ed: S. Fiorini and V. Mallia-Milanes (Malta University Publications, Malta Historical Society, and Foundation for International Studies, University of Malta) at 33-45. Last visited 5 August 2007.
- ^ Anthony T. Luttrell, "Girolamo Manduca and Gian Francesco Abela: Tradition and invention in Maltese Historiography," in Melita Historica, 7 (1977) 2 (105-132). Last visited 5 August 2007.
- ^ Capelli, C.; Redhead, N.; Romano, V.; Cali, F.; Lefranc, G.; Delague, V.; Megarbane, A.; Felice, A. E.; Pascali, V. L. Population Structure in the Mediterranean Basin: A Y Chromosome Perspective. Annals of Human Genetics. 2006-03, 70 (2): 207–225. ISSN 0003-4800. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00224.x.
- ^ A.E. Felice; "The Genetic Origin of Contemporary Maltese", The Sunday Times of Malta, 5 August 2007.. 2007 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IEEE). 2007-08. ISBN 978-1-4244-1379-9. doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2007.4370918.
- ^ Genetic Origin of Contemporary Maltese People. dx.doi.org. 2017-02-17 [2020-06-15].
- ^ So who are the 'real' Maltese. Who Was Who (Oxford University Press). 2007-12-01.
- ^ Hull, Geoffrey. The Oldest Maltese Surnames: A Window on Sicily’s Medieval History. Sicily and the Mediterranean. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. 2015: 77–110. ISBN 978-1-349-57242-7.
- ^ Genetic Origin of Contemporary Maltese People. Times of Malta. [2020-06-15] (英国英语).
- ^ Phoenicians Online Extra @ National Geographic Magazine.
- ^ Zalloua, Pierre A.; Platt, Daniel E.; Sibai, Mirvat El; Khalife, Jade; Makhoul, Nadine; Haber, Marc; Xue, Yali; Izaabel, Hassan; Bosch, Elena. Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2008-11-17, 83 (5): 633–642. ISSN 0002-9297. PMID 18976729. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012 (英语).
- ^ C. Capelli, N. Redhead, N. Novelletto, L. Terrenato, P. Malaspina, Z. Poulli, G. Lefranc, A. Megarbane, V. Delague, V. Romano, F. Cali, V.F. Pascali, M. Fellous, A.E. Felice, and D.B. Goldstein; "Population Structure in the Mediterranean Basin: A Y Chromosome Perspective," 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期28 August 2013. Annals of Human Genetics, 69, 1-20, 2005. Last visited August 8, 2007.
- ^ A.E. Felice; "The Genetic Origin of Contemporary Maltese," The Sunday Times of Malta, 5 August 2007.
- ^ http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/country/MT.htm