犀鳥目

犀鳥目; 化石時期：47–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N 始新世-全新世
	紅臉地犀鳥，體形最大的一種犀鳥
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	鳥綱 Aves
演化支：	今顎類 Neognathae
演化支：	新鳥類 Neoaves
演化支：	雀類 Passerea
演化支：	陸鳥類 Telluraves
演化支：	非洲禽類 Afroaves
總目：	佛法僧總目 Coraciimorphae
演化支：	穴鳥類 Cavitaves
演化支：	真穴鳥類 Eucavitaves
目：	犀鳥目 Bucerotiformes; Fürbringer（英語：Max Fürbringer）, 1888
模式屬
	Buceros; 角犀鳥屬; Linnaeus, 1758
亞目與科
	戴勝亞目 Upupi 林戴勝科 Phoeniculidae; 戴勝科 Upupidae; ; 犀鳥亞目 Buceroti 地犀鳥科 Bucorvidae; 犀鳥科 Bucerotidae; ;

犀鳥目（學名：Bucerotiformes）是鳥綱下的一個目，包括犀鳥、地犀鳥、戴勝及林戴勝等物種。^[1]

系統發生學

在過去，本目下的兩種主要鳥類——戴勝及犀鳥皆為佛法僧目下的科。^[2]但自2000年代左右起，不少研究開始發現其關係與翠鳥等佛法僧鳥類關係較遠，並因此建議將其自佛法僧目中獨立。^[3]^[4]^[5]但該兩種鳥類分出後，一度被視為兩個目，即戴勝目（Upupiformes）及犀鳥目，到了2008年的研究才將這兩個目合併為現在的犀鳥目。^[1]^[6]^[7]

有研究提議犀鳥科中的噪犀鳥屬與地犀鳥科關係較近並認為應該前者歸於後者之下；這演化支代表早期的非洲世系，而其他則代表亞洲世系。^[8]

佛法僧總目

鼠鳥目 Coliiformes

穴鳥類

鵑鴗目 Leptosomatiformes

真穴鳥類

咬鵑目 Trogoniformes

鴷翠鳥類

犀鳥目 Bucerotiformes

Picodynastornithes（英語：Picodynastornithes）

	佛法僧目 Coraciiformes

	鴷形目 Piciformes

Picocoraciae

Eucavitaves

Cavitaves

Coraciimorphae

本目現在下屬兩個亞目，分別是以戴勝為主的戴勝亞目（Upupi）及以犀鳥為主的犀鳥亞目（Buceroti）。^[9]^[10]以下是根據2013年及2019年資料繪製的支序圖：^[11]

犀鳥目

犀鳥亞目

	犀鳥科 Bucerotidae

	地犀鳥科 Bucorvidae

Buceroti

戴勝亞目

	林戴勝科 Phoeniculidae

	戴勝科 Upupidae

Upupi

Bucerotiformes

形態學

犀鳥與戴勝耳柱骨形狀相差甚遠，其中前者有直棒狀的軸，而後者形狀則類似於鐵鎚。^[10]^[12]

下屬分類

綠林戴勝 Phoeniculus purpureus

戴勝，分佈極廣泛的一種本目物種

雙角犀鳥，其巨大如犀牛般的啄部是犀鳥科鳥類的特徵

馬來犀鳥

目前犀鳥目下劃分為兩個亞目，而根據世界鳥類學家聯合會之名錄，其下現有4科19屬。^[1]^[9]並還有兩科的化石物種被歸於其下。^[13]^[14]

戴勝亞目 Upupi
- 戴勝科 Upupidae
  - 戴勝屬 Upupa
- 林戴勝科 Phoeniculidae
  - 林戴勝屬 Phoeniculus
  - 彎嘴戴勝屬 Rhinopomastus
犀鳥亞目 Buceroti
- 地犀鳥科 Bucorvidae
  - 地犀鳥屬 Bucorvus
- 犀鳥科 Bucerotidae
  - 彎嘴犀鳥屬 Tockus
  - 冠角犀鳥屬 Lophoceros
  - 噪犀鳥屬 Bycanistes
  - 盔噪犀鳥屬 Ceratogymna
  - Horizocerus
  - 長冠犀鳥屬 Berenicornis
  - 角犀鳥屬 Buceros
  - 盔犀鳥屬 Rhinoplax
  - 斑犀鳥屬 Anthracoceros
  - 彎嘴灰犀鳥屬 Ocyceros
  - 鳳頭犀鳥屬 Anorrhinus
  - 棕頸犀鳥屬 Aceros
  - 擬皺盔犀鳥屬 Rhyticeros
  - 皺盔犀鳥屬 Rhabdotorrhinus
  - 斑嘴犀鳥屬 Penelopides
†Laurillardiidae
- Laurillardia
†買撒里絲鳥科 Messelirrisoridae
- 買撒里絲鳥屬 Messelirrisor

參考資料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 International Ornithologists' Union. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela , 編. IOC World Bird List 14.1. [2023-12-20] （英語）.
^ 趙正階. 申桂蘭 , 編. 中国鸟类志上卷非雀形目. 長春: 吉林科學技術出版社. 2001-06: 17. ISBN 7-5384-2407-5 （中文（中國大陸））.
^ Jarvis, Erich D.; Mirarab, Siavash; Aberer, Andre J.; Li, Bo; Houde, Peter; Li, Cai; Ho, Simon Y. W.; Faircloth, Brant C.; Nabholz, Benoit; Howard, Jason T.; Suh, Alexander; Weber, Claudia C.; da Fonseca, Rute R.; Li, Jianwen; Zhang, Fang; Li, Hui; Zhou, Long; Narula, Nitish; Liu, Liang; Ganapathy, Ganesh; Boussau, Bastien; Bayzid, Md. Shamsuzzoha; Zavidovych, Volodymyr; Subramanian, Sankar; Gabaldón, Toni; Capella-Gutiérrez, Salvador; Huerta-Cepas, Jaime; Rekepalli, Bhanu; Munch, Kasper; Schierup, Mikkel; Lindow, Bent; Warren, Wesley C.; Ray, David; Green, Richard E.; Bruford, Michael W.; Zhan, Xiangjiang; Dixon, Andrew; Li, Shengbin; Li, Ning; Huang, Yinhua; Derryberry, Elizabeth P.; Bertelsen, Mads Frost; Sheldon, Frederick H.; Brumfield, Robb T.; Mello, Claudio V.; Lovell, Peter V.; Wirthlin, Morgan; Schneider, Maria Paula Cruz; Prosdocimi, Francisco; Samaniego, José Alfredo; Velazquez, Amhed Missael Vargas; Alfaro-Núñez, Alonzo; Campos, Paula F.; Petersen, Bent; Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas; Pas, An; Bailey, Tom; Scofield, Paul; Bunce, Michael; Lambert, David M.; Zhou, Qi; Perelman, Polina; Driskell, Amy C.; Shapiro, Beth; Xiong, Zijun; Zeng, Yongli; Liu, Shiping; Li, Zhenyu; Liu, Binghang; Wu, Kui; Xiao, Jin; Yinqi, Xiong; Zheng, Qiuemei; Zhang, Yong; Yang, Huanming; Wang, Jian; Smeds, Linnea; Rheindt, Frank E.; Braun, Michael; Fjeldsa, Jon; Orlando, Ludovic; Barker, F. Keith; Jønsson, Knud Andreas; Johnson, Warren; Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; O』Brien, Stephen; Haussler, David; Ryder, Oliver A.; Rahbek, Carsten; Willerslev, Eske; Graves, Gary R.; Glenn, Travis C.; McCormack, John; Burt, Dave; Ellegren, Hans; Alström, Per; Edwards, Scott V.; Stamatakis, Alexandros; Mindell, David P.; Cracraft, Joel; Braun, Edward L.; Warnow, Tandy; Jun, Wang; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Zhang, Guojie. Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds. Science. 2014-12-12, 346 (6215): 1320–1331 [2024-04-09]. ISSN 0036-8075. doi:10.1126/science.1253451. （原始內容存檔於2023-05-21）（英語）.
^ Yuri, Tamaki; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Harshman, John; Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Braun, Michael J.; Chojnowski, Jena L.; Han, Kin-Lan; Hackett, Shannon J.; Huddleston, Christopher J.; Moore, William S.; Reddy, Sushma; Sheldon, Frederick H.; Steadman, David W.; Witt, Christopher C.; Braun, Edward L. Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals. Biology. 2013-03, 2 (1): 419–444 [2024-04-09]. ISSN 2079-7737. doi:10.3390/biology2010419. （原始內容存檔於2018-11-16）（英語）.
^ Johansson, Ulf S.; Ericson, Per G. P. Molecular support for a sister group relationship between Pici and Galbulae (Piciformes sensu Wetmore 1960). Journal of Avian Biology. 2003-06, 34 (2): 185–197 [2024-04-09]. ISSN 0908-8857. doi:10.1034/j.1600-048X.2003.03103.x. （原始內容存檔於2024-04-09）（英語）.
^ Hackett, Shannon J.; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Reddy, Sushma; Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Braun, Edward L.; Braun, Michael J.; Chojnowski, Jena L.; Cox, W. Andrew; Han, Kin-Lan; Harshman, John; Huddleston, Christopher J.; Marks, Ben D.; Miglia, Kathleen J.; Moore, William S.; Sheldon, Frederick H.; Steadman, David W.; Witt, Christopher C.; Yuri, Tamaki. A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History. Science. 2008-06-27, 320 (5884): 1763–1768 [2024-04-09]. ISSN 0036-8075. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-06）（英語）.
^ Ksepka, Daniel; Clarke, Julia. Phylogenetically vetted and stratigraphically constrained fossil calibrations within Aves (PDF). Palaeontologia Electronica. 2015-03-21 [2024-04-09]. doi:10.26879/373. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2024-04-09）.
^ Woodruff, D. S. & Srikwan, S. 2011. Molecular genetics and the conservation of hornbills in fragmented landscapes. In Poonswad, P. (ed) The Asian Hornbills: Ecology and Conservation. National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Bangkok, pp. 257-264.
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 Birds: Bucerotiformes. BirdGuides. [2024-04-09]. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-04）（英語）.
^ ^10.0 ^10.1 Peacock, John; Spellman, Garth M.; Field, Daniel J.; Mason, Matthew J.; Mayr, Gerald. Comparative morphology of the avian bony columella. The Anatomical Record. 2024-05, 307 (5): 1735–1763 [2024-04-09]. ISSN 1932-8486. doi:10.1002/ar.25278 （英語）.
^ Bucerotiformes. bird-phylogeny. [2024-04-09]. （原始內容存檔於2024-04-14）（德語）.
^ Feduccia, Alan. The Bony Stapes in the Upupidae and Phoeniculidae: Evidence for Common Ancestry. The Wilson Bulletin. 1975, 87 (3): 416–417 [2024-04-09]. ISSN 0043-5643. （原始內容存檔於2024-04-09）.
^ Mayr, Gerald. Tiny Hoopoe-Like Birds From the Middle Eocene of Messel (Germany). The Auk. 2000-10-01, 117 (4): 964–970 [2024-04-09]. doi:10.1093/auk/117.4.964. （原始內容存檔於2024-07-12）（英語）.
^ Mayr, Gerald; Bochenski, Zbigniew M.; Tomek, Teresa; Wertz, Krzysztof; Bienkowska-Wasiluk, Małgorzata; Manegold, Albrecht. Skeletons from the early Oligocene of Poland fill a significant temporal gap in the fossil record of upupiform birds (hoopoes and allies). Historical Biology. 2020-10-20, 32 (9): 1163–1175 [2024-04-09]. ISSN 0891-2963. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1570507. （原始內容存檔於2024-04-09）（英語）.

外部連結

維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源：犀鳥目
維基物種上的相關資訊：犀鳥目

[IOC-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 International Ornithologists' Union. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela , 編. IOC World Bird List 14.1. [2023-12-20] （英語）.

[jl-2] 趙正階. 申桂蘭 , 編. 中国鸟类志上卷非雀形目. 長春: 吉林科學技術出版社. 2001-06: 17. ISBN 7-5384-2407-5 （中文（中國大陸））.

[Jarvis-3] Jarvis, Erich D.; Mirarab, Siavash; Aberer, Andre J.; Li, Bo; Houde, Peter; Li, Cai; Ho, Simon Y. W.; Faircloth, Brant C.; Nabholz, Benoit; Howard, Jason T.; Suh, Alexander; Weber, Claudia C.; da Fonseca, Rute R.; Li, Jianwen; Zhang, Fang; Li, Hui; Zhou, Long; Narula, Nitish; Liu, Liang; Ganapathy, Ganesh; Boussau, Bastien; Bayzid, Md. Shamsuzzoha; Zavidovych, Volodymyr; Subramanian, Sankar; Gabaldón, Toni; Capella-Gutiérrez, Salvador; Huerta-Cepas, Jaime; Rekepalli, Bhanu; Munch, Kasper; Schierup, Mikkel; Lindow, Bent; Warren, Wesley C.; Ray, David; Green, Richard E.; Bruford, Michael W.; Zhan, Xiangjiang; Dixon, Andrew; Li, Shengbin; Li, Ning; Huang, Yinhua; Derryberry, Elizabeth P.; Bertelsen, Mads Frost; Sheldon, Frederick H.; Brumfield, Robb T.; Mello, Claudio V.; Lovell, Peter V.; Wirthlin, Morgan; Schneider, Maria Paula Cruz; Prosdocimi, Francisco; Samaniego, José Alfredo; Velazquez, Amhed Missael Vargas; Alfaro-Núñez, Alonzo; Campos, Paula F.; Petersen, Bent; Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas; Pas, An; Bailey, Tom; Scofield, Paul; Bunce, Michael; Lambert, David M.; Zhou, Qi; Perelman, Polina; Driskell, Amy C.; Shapiro, Beth; Xiong, Zijun; Zeng, Yongli; Liu, Shiping; Li, Zhenyu; Liu, Binghang; Wu, Kui; Xiao, Jin; Yinqi, Xiong; Zheng, Qiuemei; Zhang, Yong; Yang, Huanming; Wang, Jian; Smeds, Linnea; Rheindt, Frank E.; Braun, Michael; Fjeldsa, Jon; Orlando, Ludovic; Barker, F. Keith; Jønsson, Knud Andreas; Johnson, Warren; Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; O』Brien, Stephen; Haussler, David; Ryder, Oliver A.; Rahbek, Carsten; Willerslev, Eske; Graves, Gary R.; Glenn, Travis C.; McCormack, John; Burt, Dave; Ellegren, Hans; Alström, Per; Edwards, Scott V.; Stamatakis, Alexandros; Mindell, David P.; Cracraft, Joel; Braun, Edward L.; Warnow, Tandy; Jun, Wang; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Zhang, Guojie. Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds. Science. 2014-12-12, 346 (6215): 1320–1331 [2024-04-09]. ISSN 0036-8075. doi:10.1126/science.1253451. （原始內容存檔於2023-05-21）（英語）.

[Yuri-4] Yuri, Tamaki; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Harshman, John; Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Braun, Michael J.; Chojnowski, Jena L.; Han, Kin-Lan; Hackett, Shannon J.; Huddleston, Christopher J.; Moore, William S.; Reddy, Sushma; Sheldon, Frederick H.; Steadman, David W.; Witt, Christopher C.; Braun, Edward L. Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals. Biology. 2013-03, 2 (1): 419–444 [2024-04-09]. ISSN 2079-7737. doi:10.3390/biology2010419. （原始內容存檔於2018-11-16）（英語）.

[Johansson-5] Johansson, Ulf S.; Ericson, Per G. P. Molecular support for a sister group relationship between Pici and Galbulae (Piciformes sensu Wetmore 1960). Journal of Avian Biology. 2003-06, 34 (2): 185–197 [2024-04-09]. ISSN 0908-8857. doi:10.1034/j.1600-048X.2003.03103.x. （原始內容存檔於2024-04-09）（英語）.

[Hackett-6] Hackett, Shannon J.; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Reddy, Sushma; Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Braun, Edward L.; Braun, Michael J.; Chojnowski, Jena L.; Cox, W. Andrew; Han, Kin-Lan; Harshman, John; Huddleston, Christopher J.; Marks, Ben D.; Miglia, Kathleen J.; Moore, William S.; Sheldon, Frederick H.; Steadman, David W.; Witt, Christopher C.; Yuri, Tamaki. A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History. Science. 2008-06-27, 320 (5884): 1763–1768 [2024-04-09]. ISSN 0036-8075. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-06）（英語）.

[Ksepka-7] Ksepka, Daniel; Clarke, Julia. Phylogenetically vetted and stratigraphically constrained fossil calibrations within Aves (PDF). Palaeontologia Electronica. 2015-03-21 [2024-04-09]. doi:10.26879/373. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2024-04-09）.

[8] Woodruff, D. S. & Srikwan, S. 2011. Molecular genetics and the conservation of hornbills in fragmented landscapes. In Poonswad, P. (ed) The Asian Hornbills: Ecology and Conservation. National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Bangkok, pp. 257-264.

[BG-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Birds: Bucerotiformes. BirdGuides. [2024-04-09]. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-04）（英語）.

[Peacock-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Peacock, John; Spellman, Garth M.; Field, Daniel J.; Mason, Matthew J.; Mayr, Gerald. Comparative morphology of the avian bony columella. The Anatomical Record. 2024-05, 307 (5): 1735–1763 [2024-04-09]. ISSN 1932-8486. doi:10.1002/ar.25278 （英語）.

[phylogeny-11] Bucerotiformes. bird-phylogeny. [2024-04-09]. （原始內容存檔於2024-04-14）（德語）.

[Feduccia-12] Feduccia, Alan. The Bony Stapes in the Upupidae and Phoeniculidae: Evidence for Common Ancestry. The Wilson Bulletin. 1975, 87 (3): 416–417 [2024-04-09]. ISSN 0043-5643. （原始內容存檔於2024-04-09）.

[Mayr-13] Mayr, Gerald. Tiny Hoopoe-Like Birds From the Middle Eocene of Messel (Germany). The Auk. 2000-10-01, 117 (4): 964–970 [2024-04-09]. doi:10.1093/auk/117.4.964. （原始內容存檔於2024-07-12）（英語）.

[Bochenski-14] Mayr, Gerald; Bochenski, Zbigniew M.; Tomek, Teresa; Wertz, Krzysztof; Bienkowska-Wasiluk, Małgorzata; Manegold, Albrecht. Skeletons from the early Oligocene of Poland fill a significant temporal gap in the fossil record of upupiform birds (hoopoes and allies). Historical Biology. 2020-10-20, 32 (9): 1163–1175 [2024-04-09]. ISSN 0891-2963. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1570507. （原始內容存檔於2024-04-09）（英語）.

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