碳洩漏
碳洩漏（英語：carbon leakage）是指國家採用較嚴格的氣候政策而減少排放量，導致另一個國家的溫室氣體排放量增加的情況。[1]
可能發生碳洩漏的原因有很多：
- 如果一個國家的排放政策增加了當地成本，那麼另一個政策較寬鬆的國家可能會具有貿易優勢。在對生產的商品的需求保持不變的情況下，生產可能會轉移到價格較低、標準較低的國家（境外生產），最終全球排放量並未減少。
- 如果一個國家的環境政策加收某些燃料或商品的附加費，則其需求可能會下降，進而使價格下降。不對這些商品徵收附加費的國家就可能會從相同的賣家那裡購買多出的供給，從而無法產生任何環境效益。
目前人們對長期的洩漏效應的大小尚無共識，[2]但這對氣候變化問題有著重要的影響。
碳洩漏是外溢效應的一種。外溢效應可能是正面的，也可能是負面的；[3]例如，減排政策可能會導致技術發展，從而有助於政策領域之外的減排。
碳洩漏值定義為採取國內減排政策的國家以外的二氧化碳排放增量國內排放量的減量，[4]以百分比表示，可以大於或小於100％。
碳洩漏可能因貿易模式的變化而發生，有時可以用貿易中所含排放量平衡（balance of emissions embodied in trade，BEET）來衡量。[5]
參見
編輯參考文獻
編輯- ^ Andrés Cala, Emissions Loophole Stays Open in E.U., The New York Times, 18 November 2014 [1 April 2015], （原始內容存檔於2016-12-16）
- ^ Goldemberg, J.; et al. J.P. Bruce.; et al , 編. Introduction: scope of the assessment. In: Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (PDF). This version: Printed by Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.. PDF version: IPCC website. 1996: 27–28. ISBN 978-0-521-56854-8.
- ^ IPCC, B. Metz , 編, Glossary A-D. In (section): Annex I. In (book): Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (PDF), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.: etal, 2007 [2010-04-18], （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-08-20）
- ^ Barker, T.; et al, B. Metz , 編, 11.7.2 Carbon leakage. In (book chapter): Mitigation from a cross-sectoral perspective. In (book): Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.. This version: IPCC website: etal, 2007 [2010-04-05], （原始內容存檔於2010-05-03）
- ^ Jiahua Pan; Jonathan Phillips; Ying Chen, China’s balance of emissions embodied in trade: approaches to measurement and allocating international responsibility, Oxford Review of Economic Policy
延伸閱讀
編輯- Markandya, A.; et al. 7.4.3 Valuation of Spillover Costs and Benefits. In (book chapter): 7. Costing Methodologies. In: Climate Change 2001: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (B. Metz et al. Eds.). Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.. This version: GRID-Arendal website. 2001 [2010-05-12]. （原始內容存檔於2009-08-05）.
- Reinaud, J. Issues behind Competitiveness and Carbon Leakage- Focus on Heavy Industry. IEA information paper. International Energy Agency (IEA), Head of Communication and Information Office, 9 rue de la Fédération, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France: 122. October 2008 [2010-05-12]. （原始內容存檔於2010-06-15）.
- Reinaud, J. Climate Policy and Carbon Leakage- Impacts of the European Emissions Trading Scheme on Aluminium. IEA information paper. International Energy Agency (IEA), Head of Communication and Information Office, 9 rue de la Fédération, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France: 45. October 2008 [2010-05-12]. （原始內容存檔於2010-06-15）.