西德尼蟲

西德尼蟲屬; 化石時期：514–496 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N 寒武紀中期至晚期
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	節肢動物門 Arthropoda
科：	西德尼蟲科 Sidneyidae
屬：	†西德尼蟲屬 Sidneyia; Walcott, 1911
種
	意外西德尼蟲 ; Sidneyia inexpectans ; Walcott,1911; 嬌小西德尼蟲 ; Sidneyia minor ; Du et al.,2023; 馬龍西德尼蟲 ; Sidneyia malongensis ; Zhu et al., 2023;

西德尼蟲（屬名：Sidneyia）是一種已滅絕的節肢動物，生存時間大約位在中至晚的寒武紀。^[1]

發現史

查爾斯·都利特·沃爾科發現的意外西德尼蟲化石照片。

查爾斯·都利特·沃爾科特（Charles Doolittle Walcott）與他兒子西德尼·沃爾科特（Sidney S. Walcott）於1910年的8月時，在加拿大不列顛哥倫比亞省加拿大洛磯山脈境內的伯吉斯頁岩（Burgess Shale），大約在瓦普塔山脈（英語：Wapta Mountain）（Wapta Mountain）和費爾德山脈（英語：Mount Field (British Columbia)）（Mount Field）發現了西德尼蟲，^[1]^[2]^[3]，並在隔年發表。^[1]西德尼蟲的名字是以第一個發現此物種－西德尼·沃爾科特命名的，^[1]^[4]意外西德尼蟲的種小名inexpectans是源自拉丁語，意思為「意想不到的」，因為他沒想到會在比奧陶紀更古老的地層中發現這樣的化石。^[1]在1938年，查爾斯·埃爾默·雷斯塞爾（英語：Charles Elmer Resser）（Charles Elmer Resser）和班傑明·富蘭克林·豪厄爾（Benjamin Franklin Howell）在美國阿帕拉契山脈（Appalachian Mountains）的佛蒙特州的西邊發現了不能鑑定的西德尼蟲化石（Sidneyia sp. undet.）。^[5]在1984年，德里克·布里格斯（英語：Derek Ernest Gilmor Briggs）（Derek Ernest Gilmor Briggs）和理察·羅賓遜（Richard Robison）在猶他州也發現了化石。^[6]

外觀

意外西德尼蟲的身體細長，表皮還有一層外殼。如果將尾巴不算的話，大約長12.3公分。^[1]^[7]

西德尼蟲屬的物種大小比較圖。

分類

一開始查爾斯·都利特·沃爾科特將西德尼蟲分類為肢口綱底下的廣翅鱟目（Eurypterida），也推測可能位在三葉蟲綱（Trilobita）和廣翅鱟目（Eurypterida）中間，因為西德尼蟲既有類似三葉蟲綱的短平身體，還有類似廣翅鱟目的分節和尾鰭。^[1]幾乎整個1910年代到1920年代都將西德尼蟲歸類為廣翅鱟目。^[8]^[9]1963年時，有人將同是節肢動物門的奇蝦（Anomalocaris）的剛毛葉^{[註 1]}，誤認成西德尼蟲的。^[13]而在1970至1980年代都將此物種歸類為三葉蟲^[14]^[15]，當時提出與娜羅蟲屬（Naraoia）都被歸類為＂非三葉蟲型態類＂（Non－Trilobites）。^[4]^[16]

參考資料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 Walcott, Charles D. "Cambrian Geology and Paleontology II: No. 2--Middle Cambrian Merostomata." （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (1911).
^ Ryan, W. J., and T. Hallissy. 「Preliminary Notice of Some New Fossils from Bray Head, County Wicklow. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）」 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section B: Biological, Geological, and Chemical Science, vol. 29, 1911, pp. 246–51.
^ O'Connell, Marjorie. The habitat of the Eurypterida. 1916 [2024-02-21]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-21）（英語）.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Simon Conway, Morris; Harry Blackmore, Whittington. Fossils of the Burgess shale: a national treasure in Yoho National Park, British Columbia.. Natural Resources Canada. 1985 [2024-02-22]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-22）.
^ RESSER, C. E.; HOWELL, B. F. Lower Cambrian Olenellus zone of the Appalachians. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 1938-02-01, 49 (2). ISSN 0016-7606. doi:10.1130/gsab-49-195.
^ Briggs, Derek EG, and Richard A. Robison. "Exceptionally preserved nontrilobite arthropods and Anomalocaris from the Middle Cambrian of Utah." (1984).
^ Whittington, H.B. The significance of the fauna of the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, British Columbia. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 1980-01, 91 (3). ISSN 0016-7878. doi:10.1016/s0016-7878(80)80034-4.
^ RYAN, Rev WJ. "all form detached portions of the same ancient rock-group. Although the?." （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Vol. 29. The Academy, 1912.
^ Walcott, Charles D. "Cambrian and Ozarkian trilobites." (PDF). Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 1923, 62 (12) [2024-02-28]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2024-02-28）.
^ Van Roy, Peter; Daley, Allison C.; Briggs, Derek E. G. Anomalocaridid trunk limb homology revealed by a giant filter-feeder with paired flaps. Nature. 2015-03-11, 522 (7554). ISSN 0028-0836. doi:10.1038/nature14256.
^ Moysiuk, J.; Caron, J.-B. A new hurdiid radiodont from the Burgess Shale evinces the exploitation of Cambrian infaunal food sources. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2019-07-31, 286 (1908). ISSN 0962-8452. doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.1079.
^ Moysiuk, Joseph; Caron, Jean-Bernard. A three-eyed radiodont with fossilized neuroanatomy informs the origin of the arthropod head and segmentation. Current Biology. 2022-08, 32 (15). ISSN 0960-9822. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.027.
^ Cave, Laura Delle; Insom, Emilio; Simonetta, Alberto Mario. Advances, diversions, possible relapses and additional problems in understanding the early evolution of the Articulata. Italian Journal of Zoology. 1998-01, 65 (1). ISSN 1125-0003. doi:10.1080/11250009809386724.
^ Signor, Philip W.; Brett, Carlton E. The mid-Paleozoic precursor to the Mesozoic marine revolution. Paleobiology. 1984, 10 (2). ISSN 0094-8373. doi:10.1017/s0094837300008174.
^ Morris, Simon Conway; Whittington, H. B. The Animals of the Burgess Shale. Scientific American. 1979-07, 241 (1). ISSN 0036-8733. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0779-122.
^ Briggs, Derek EG, and Richard A. Robison. "Exceptionally preserved nontrilobite arthropods and Anomalocaris from the Middle Cambrian of Utah." (1984).

註

^ 剛毛葉（lamellae^[10],setal blades^[11]）是由細長的線排列，類似鰓的功能，附蓋在身體的腹側。^[12]

[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 Walcott, Charles D. "Cambrian Geology and Paleontology II: No. 2--Middle Cambrian Merostomata." （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (1911).

[2] Ryan, W. J., and T. Hallissy. 「Preliminary Notice of Some New Fossils from Bray Head, County Wicklow. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）」 Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section B: Biological, Geological, and Chemical Science, vol. 29, 1911, pp. 246–51.

[3] O'Connell, Marjorie. The habitat of the Eurypterida. 1916 [2024-02-21]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-21）（英語）.

[:1-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Simon Conway, Morris; Harry Blackmore, Whittington. Fossils of the Burgess shale: a national treasure in Yoho National Park, British Columbia.. Natural Resources Canada. 1985 [2024-02-22]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-22）.

[5] RESSER, C. E.; HOWELL, B. F. Lower Cambrian Olenellus zone of the Appalachians. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 1938-02-01, 49 (2). ISSN 0016-7606. doi:10.1130/gsab-49-195.

[6] Briggs, Derek EG, and Richard A. Robison. "Exceptionally preserved nontrilobite arthropods and Anomalocaris from the Middle Cambrian of Utah." (1984).

[7] Whittington, H.B. The significance of the fauna of the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, British Columbia. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 1980-01, 91 (3). ISSN 0016-7878. doi:10.1016/s0016-7878(80)80034-4.

[8] RYAN, Rev WJ. "all form detached portions of the same ancient rock-group. Although the?." （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Vol. 29. The Academy, 1912.

[9] Walcott, Charles D. "Cambrian and Ozarkian trilobites." (PDF). Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 1923, 62 (12) [2024-02-28]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2024-02-28）.

[10] Van Roy, Peter; Daley, Allison C.; Briggs, Derek E. G. Anomalocaridid trunk limb homology revealed by a giant filter-feeder with paired flaps. Nature. 2015-03-11, 522 (7554). ISSN 0028-0836. doi:10.1038/nature14256.

[11] Moysiuk, J.; Caron, J.-B. A new hurdiid radiodont from the Burgess Shale evinces the exploitation of Cambrian infaunal food sources. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2019-07-31, 286 (1908). ISSN 0962-8452. doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.1079.

[12] Moysiuk, Joseph; Caron, Jean-Bernard. A three-eyed radiodont with fossilized neuroanatomy informs the origin of the arthropod head and segmentation. Current Biology. 2022-08, 32 (15). ISSN 0960-9822. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.027.

[14] Cave, Laura Delle; Insom, Emilio; Simonetta, Alberto Mario. Advances, diversions, possible relapses and additional problems in understanding the early evolution of the Articulata. Italian Journal of Zoology. 1998-01, 65 (1). ISSN 1125-0003. doi:10.1080/11250009809386724.

[15] Signor, Philip W.; Brett, Carlton E. The mid-Paleozoic precursor to the Mesozoic marine revolution. Paleobiology. 1984, 10 (2). ISSN 0094-8373. doi:10.1017/s0094837300008174.

[16] Morris, Simon Conway; Whittington, H. B. The Animals of the Burgess Shale. Scientific American. 1979-07, 241 (1). ISSN 0036-8733. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0779-122.

[17] Briggs, Derek EG, and Richard A. Robison. "Exceptionally preserved nontrilobite arthropods and Anomalocaris from the Middle Cambrian of Utah." (1984).

[13] 剛毛葉（lamellae^[10],setal blades^[11]）是由細長的線排列，類似鰓的功能，附蓋在身體的腹側。^[12]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[註 1]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[10]

[11]

[12]