維基百科

草稿:架空歷史

雅庫布·羅扎爾斯基（英語：Jakub Różalski）的一幅畫作描繪了20世紀20年代的平行宇宙，農民必須與巨大的機械步行坦克抗衡。

架空歷史（英語：alternate history，也稱另類歷史）是推想虛構作品的一個分支，其中一個或多個歷史事件已經發生，但其解決方式與真實歷史不同。 [1][2][3][4][5]作為基於歷史事實的猜想，架空歷史故事對人類歷史上的重大事件提出了「如果 」假設，並呈現出與歷史記錄截然不同的結果。一些架空歷史作品被認為是科幻作品或歷史虛構作品的一個分支。

自20世紀50年代以來，作為科幻作品的一個分支，一些架空歷史故事的特點是歷史之間的時間旅行、特定宇宙中的居民對另一個宇宙存在的精神意識，以及將歷史劃分為不同時間流的時間旅行。[6]

定義

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架空歷史通常被描述為科幻作品的一個分支，它是一種虛構作品類型，作者在其中猜想，如果某一特定歷史事件的結果與現實生活中的結果不同，歷史進程可能會變成什麼樣子。[2]架空歷史需要三個條件：⑴與歷史記錄的分歧點早於作者寫作之前；⑵可能改變已知歷史的變化；⑶研究改變歷史的後果。[7]有時，某些類型的虛構作品會被誤認為是架空歷史，特別是科幻作品，故事背景設定在作者的未來，但對讀者來說現在是過去，如阿瑟·克拉克的1968年小說《2001：太空漫遊》、喬治·歐威爾的1949年小說《一九八四》和2009年電影《2012》，因為作者在寫這些故事時並沒有改變過去的真實歷史。[7]

與架空歷史類型類似的還有一種秘史類型——可以是虛構的，也可以是非虛構的——它記錄了歷史上可能發生的事件，但對記錄的歷史結果沒有影響。[7][8]架空歷史在主題上也與反事實歷史反事實歷史（英語：counterfactual history）相關，但又有別於反事實歷史。反事實歷史是一種史學形式，它以推斷的時間軸上探討歷史事件，其中關鍵的歷史事件要麼沒有發生，要麼其結果與歷史記錄不同，從而了解到底發生了什麼。[9][10]

架空歷史的文學史

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中世紀以前至中世紀

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祖亞諾·馬杜尼的小說《騎士蒂朗》（原作為加泰隆尼亞語）的首版西班牙文譯本的扉頁，此書1511年在巴利亞多利德出版。

架空歷史（或反事實歷史（英語：counterfactual history））最早見於蒂托·李維的《羅馬史》（第九卷，第17節至19節）。李維設想了公元前4世紀的另一種情況，即亞歷山大大帝倖存下來並按計劃進攻歐洲，問道：「如果羅馬與亞歷山大交戰，結果會如何？」[11][12][13]李維得出結論，羅馬人很可能會打敗亞歷山大。[11][14][15]更早的可能是希羅多德的《歷史》，其中包含猜測性材料。[16]

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The earliest example of alternate (or counterfactual) history is found in Livy's Ab Urbe Condita Libri (book IX, sections 17–19). Livy contemplated an alternative 4th century BC in which Alexander the Great had survived to attack Europe as he had planned; asking, "What would have been the results for Rome if she had been engaged in a war with Alexander?"[11][12][17] Livy concluded that the Romans would likely have defeated Alexander.[11][18][19] An even earlier possibility is Herodotus's Histories, which contains speculative material.[20]

Another example of counterfactual history was posited by cardinal and Doctor of the Church Peter Damian in the 11th century. In his famous work De Divina Omnipotentia, a long letter in which he discusses God's omnipotence, he treats questions related to the limits of divine power, including the question of whether God can change the past,[21] for example, bringing about that Rome was never founded:[22][23][24]

I see I must respond finally to what many people, on the basis of your holiness's [own] judgment, raise as an objection on the topic of this dispute. For they say: If, as you assert, God is omnipotent in all things, can he manage this, that things that have been made were not made? He can certainly destroy all things that have been made, so that they do not exist now. But it cannot be seen how he can bring it about that things that have been made were not made. To be sure, it can come about that from now on and hereafter Rome does not exist; for it can be destroyed. But no opinion can grasp how it can come about that it was not founded long ago...[25]

One early work of fiction detailing an alternate history is Joanot Martorell's 1490 epic romance Tirant lo Blanch, which was written when the fall of Constantinople to the Turks was still a recent and traumatic memory for Christian Europe. It tells the story of the knight Tirant the White from Brittany who travels to the embattled remnants of the Byzantine Empire. He becomes a Megaduke and commander of its armies and manages to fight off the invading Ottoman armies of Mehmet II. He saves the city from Islamic conquest, and even chases the Turks deeper into lands they had previously conquered.

19世紀

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One of the earliest works of alternate history published in large quantities for the reception of a large audience may be Louis Geoffroy's Histoire de la Monarchie universelle : Napoléon et la conquête du monde (1812–1832) (History of the Universal Monarchy: Napoleon and the Conquest of the World) (1836), which imagines Napoleon's First French Empire emerging victorious in the French invasion of Russia in 1812 and in an invasion of England in 1814, later unifying the world under Bonaparte's rule.[12]

The Book of Mormon (published 1830) is described as an "alternative history" by Richard Lyman Bushman, a biographer of Joseph Smith. Smith claimed to have translated the document from golden plates, which told the story of a Jewish group who migrated from Israel to the Americas and inhabited the region from about 600 B.C. to 400 A.D., becoming the ancestors of Native Americans. In the 2005 biography Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling, Bushman wrote that the Book of Mormon "turned American history upside down [and] works on the premise that a history—a book—can reconstitute a nation. It assumes that by giving a nation an alternative history, alternative values can be made to grow."[26]

In the English language, the first known complete alternate history may be Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story "P.'s Correspondence", published in 1845. It recounts the tale of a man who is considered "a madman" due to his perceptions of a different 1845, a reality in which long-dead famous people, such as the poets Robert Burns, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats, the actor Edmund Kean, the British politician George Canning, and Napoleon Bonaparte, are still alive.

The first novel-length alternate history in English would seem to be Castello Holford's Aristopia (1895). While not as nationalistic as Louis Geoffroy's Napoléon et la conquête du monde, 1812–1823, Aristopia is another attempt to portray a Utopian society. In Aristopia, the earliest settlers in Virginia discover a reef made of solid gold and are able to build a Utopian society in North America.

20世紀初和紙媒時代

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In 1905, H. G. Wells published A Modern Utopia. As explicitly noted in the book itself, Wells's main aim in writing it was to set out his social and political ideas, the plot serving mainly as a vehicle to expound them. This book introduced the idea of a person being transported from a point in our familiar world to the precise geographical equivalent point in an alternate world in which history had gone differently. The protagonists undergo various adventures in the alternate world, and then are finally transported back to our world, again to the precise geographical equivalent point. Since then, that has become a staple of the alternate history genre.

A number of alternate history stories and novels appeared in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (see, for example, Joseph Edgar Chamberlin's The Ifs of History [1907] and Charles Petrie's If: A Jacobite Fantasy [1926]).[27] In 1931, British historian Sir John Squire collected a series of essays from some of the leading historians of the period for his anthology If It Had Happened Otherwise. In that work, scholars from major universities, as well as important non-academic authors, turned their attention to such questions as "If the Moors in Spain Had Won" and "If Louis XVI Had Had an Atom of Firmness". The essays range from serious scholarly efforts to Hendrik Willem van Loon's fanciful and satiric portrayal of an independent 20th-century New Amsterdam, a Dutch city-state on the island of Manhattan. Among the authors included were Hilaire Belloc, André Maurois, and Winston Churchill.

One of the entries in Squire's volume was Churchill's "If Lee Had Not Won the Battle of Gettysburg", written from the viewpoint of a historian in a world in which the Confederacy had won the American Civil War. The entry considers what would have happened if the North had been victorious (in other words, a character from an alternate world imagines a world more like the real one we live in, although it is not identical in every detail). Speculative work that narrates from the point of view of an alternate history is variously known as "recursive alternate history", a "double-blind what-if", or an "alternate-alternate history".[28] Churchill's essay was one of the influences behind Ward Moore's alternate history novel Bring the Jubilee[來源請求] in which General Robert E. Lee won the Battle of Gettysburg and paved the way for the eventual victory of the Confederacy in the American Civil War (named the "War of Southron Independence" in this timeline). The protagonist, the autodidact Hodgins Backmaker, travels back to the aforementioned battle and inadvertently changes history, which results in the emergence of our own timeline and the consequent victory of the Union instead.

The American humorist author James Thurber parodied alternate history stories about the American Civil War in his 1930 story "If Grant Had Been Drinking at Appomattox", which he accompanied with this very brief introduction: "Scribner's magazine is publishing a series of three articles: 'If Booth Had Missed Lincoln', 'If Lee Had Won the Battle of Gettysburg', and 'If Napoleon Had Escaped to America'. This is the fourth".

Another example of alternate history from this period (and arguably[29] the first that explicitly posited cross-time travel from one universe to another as anything more than a visionary experience) is H.G. Wells' Men Like Gods (1923) in which the London-based journalist Mr. Barnstable, along with two cars and their passengers, is mysteriously teleported into "another world", which the "Earthlings" call Utopia. Being far more advanced than Earth, Utopia is some 3000 years ahead of humanity in its development. Wells describes a multiverse of alternative worlds, complete with the paratime travel machines that would later become popular with American pulp writers. However, since his hero experiences only a single alternate world, the story is not very different from conventional alternate history.[30]

In the 1930s, alternate history moved into a new arena. The December 1933 issue of Astounding published Nat Schachner's "Ancestral Voices", which was quickly followed by Murray Leinster's "Sidewise in Time" (1934). While earlier alternate histories examined reasonably-straightforward divergences, Leinster attempted something completely different. In his "World gone mad", pieces of Earth traded places with their analogs from different timelines. The story follows Professor Minott and his students from a fictitious Robinson College as they wander through analogues of worlds that followed a different history.[來源請求] "Sidewise in Time" has been described as "the point at which the alternate history narrative first enters science fiction as a plot device" and is the story for which the Sidewise Award for Alternate History is named.[31][32]

 
The world in 1964 in the novel Fatherland in which the Nazis won World War II

A somewhat similar approach was taken by Robert A. Heinlein in his 1941 novelette Elsewhen in which a professor trains his mind to move his body across timelines. He then hypnotizes his students so that they can explore more of them. Eventually, each settles into the reality that is most suitable for him or her. Some of the worlds they visit are mundane, some are very odd, and others follow science fiction or fantasy conventions.

World War II produced alternate history for propaganda: both British and American[33] authors wrote works depicting Nazi invasions of their respective countries as cautionary tales.

電視節目

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1983 is set on a world where the Iron Curtain never fell and the Cold War continues until the present (2003).

An Englishman's Castle tells the story of the writer of a soap opera in a 1970s England which lost World War II. England is run by a collaborator government which strains to maintain a normal appearance of British life. Slowly, however, the writer begins to uncover the truth.

In the Community episode "Remedial Chaos Theory," each of the six members of the study group rolls a die to decide who has to go downstairs to accept a pizza delivery for the group, creating 6 different alternative worlds. Characters from the worst universe, "darkest timeline," would later appear in the "prime universe".[34]

Confederate was a planned HBO series set on a world where the south won the US Civil War. Social media backlash during pre-production led to the series being cancelled with no episodes produced.

Counterpart tells of a United Nations agency that is responsible for monitoring passage between alternative worlds. Two of the worlds, Alpha and Prime are locked in a cold war.

The Court-Martial of George Armstrong Custer is a 1977 telemovie where George Custer survives the Battle of Little Bighorn and faces a court martial hearing over his incompetence.

C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America presents itself as a British TV documentary uncovering some of the dark secrets of the Confederacy on a world where the south won the US Civil War.

Dark Skies tells that much of history having been shaped since the 1940s by a government conspiracy with aliens. One race of aliens can take over humans, while those immune to the alien's control fight back.

Doctor Who's main character has visited two alternative worlds in the TV show and several in its spin off media. The Third Doctor visits a world with a fascist Great Britain on the brink of destruction, Inferno while the Tenth Doctor visits a Britain that has a President and blimps are a common form of transportation beset by Cybermen, "Doomsday". The Seventh Doctor faces a threat from an alternative world in Battlefield, where magic is real and the alternative version of The Doctor is hinted to be that reality's Merlin.

Fallout shows a 1950s retro-future world that suffers a global nuclear war [35] on the Amazon streaming service.

Fatherland is a TV movie set in a 1960 alternative world where US President Joseph Kennedy and Adolf Hitler have agreed to meet to discuss an end to their country's Cold War 15 years after the Axis victory in World War II. However, an American reporter has discovered proof of the long denied Final Solution threatens the meeting.

The anime Fena: Pirate Princess featured an alternate 18th century.[36]

For All Mankind depicts an alternate timeline in which the Soviet crewed lunar program successfully lands on the Moon before the US Apollo program, resulting in a continued and intensified Space Race.

Fringe has the father of one of the main characters cross into another reality to steal that world's version of his son after his son dies. The second world has a slightly different history, with a few different states in the United States, such as only one Carolina and Upper Michigan as a state. In addition, the 9/11 attack didn't take down the Twin Towers but the White House. Also, several major DC Comics events are different, such as Superman not Supergirl dying during Crisis on Infinite Earths. The incursion to steal the son has many negative effects on that world, and while the realities start out as antagonist, they eventually work together to repair the damage.

The Man in the High Castle, an adaptation of the novel of the same name, showed a world where the Axis Powers won World War II.

Motherland: Fort Salem explores a female-dominated world in which witchcraft is real. Its world diverged from our timeline when the Salem witch trials are resolved by an agreement between witches and ungifted humans.

Noughts + Crosses is a British TV show set on a world where a powerful West African empire colonizes Europe 700 years before the start of the series.

Parallels was a planned TV show whose pilot was later released as a Netflix movie. The plot concerns a building which can shift realities every 36 hours and those who use the building to travel to other realities.[37]

The Plot Against America is an HBO miniseries where Charles Lindbergh wins the 1940 US presidential election as an anti-war candidate who moves the country toward fascism.[38]

The TV show Sliders explores different possible alternate realities by having the protagonist "slide" into different parallel dimensions of the same planet Earth.

The Great Martian War 1913-1917 An alternate history documentary where giant martians with machines invaded the Earth during WW1, causing huge technological upgrades and the entente and central powers fighting alongside each other.

SS-GB (TV series) shows a world where the Axis Powers quickly win World War II, killing Churchill and installing a puppet government. However, British resistance fights back.[39]

In the various Star Trek TV shows and spin off media a Mirror Universe has been encountered where Earth has an empire that subjugates other planets. Doppelgängers of the main cast of many the TV shows appear in that reality.

The Watchmen series is set on a world where costumed heroes were initially welcomed but later outlawed. It is set 34 years after the events of the comic book on which the series shares a name.

The Marvel Cinematic Universe series, Loki (2021 & 2023), on Disney+, shows an agency which prevents alterations to the timeline. Alternate versions of Loki from various universes appear.

The Marvel Cinematic Universe series, What If...? (2021-present), on Disney+, shows alternate universes that depict alternate events from the MCU films.

網際網路

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Fans of alternate history have made use of the internet from a very early point to showcase their own works and provide useful tools for those fans searching for anything alternate history, first in mailing lists and usenet groups, later in web databases and forums. The "Usenet Alternate History List" was first posted on 11 April 1991, to the Usenet newsgroup rec.arts.sf-lovers. In May 1995, the dedicated newsgroup soc.history.what-if was created for showcasing and discussing alternate histories.[40] Its prominence declined with the general migration from unmoderated usenet to moderated web forums, most prominently AlternateHistory.com, the self-described "largest gathering of alternate history fans on the internet" with over 10,000 active members.[41][42]

In addition to these discussion forums, in 1997 Uchronia: The Alternate History List was created as an online repository, now containing over 2,900 alternate history novels, stories, essays, and other printed materials in several different languages. Uchronia was selected as the Sci Fi Channel's "Sci Fi Site of the Week" twice.[43][44]

烏有史

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主條目：烏有史（英語：Uchronia）

[45][46][47]

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In Spanish, French, German, Portuguese, Italian, Catalan, and Galician, the words uchronie, ucronia, and ucronía are native versions of alternate history, from which comes the English loanword uchronia. The English term uchronia is a neologism that is sometimes used in its original meaning as a straightforward synonym for alternate history.[48][49][50][51] However, it may also now refer to other concepts, namely an umbrella genre of fiction that encompasses alternate history, parallel universes in fiction, and fiction based in futuristic or non-temporal settings.[52][53][54]

參見

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參考文獻

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  1. ^ Allohistory. World Wide Words. 4 May 2002 [25 November 2012]. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Alternative history. Collins English Dictionary. [15 January 2016]. （原始內容存檔於7 January 2016）. 
  3. ^ Brave New Words: The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction (Oxford University Press, 2007) notes the preferred usage is "Alternate History", which was coined in 1954; "Alternative History" was first used in 1977, pp. 4–5.
  4. ^ Morton, Alison. Alternative history (AH/althist) handout (PDF). alison-morton.com/. 2014. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2022-10-09）. 
  5. ^ AH. The Free Dictionary. [2 January 2009]. （原始內容存檔於3 February 2013）. 
  6. ^ Time Travel, Alternate Histories, & Parallel Universes. Madison Public Library. 21 May 2020 [6 September 2023] （英語）. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Steven H Silver. Uchronicle. Helix. 1 July 2006 [26 May 2009]. [永久失效連結]
  8. ^ Jorge Luis Borges Reviews by Evelyn C. Leeper. Leepers.us. [25 November 2012]. 
  9. ^ "It [alternative history] is, at the very root, the idea of conjecturing on what did not happen, or what might have happened, in order to understand what did happen."Black, Jeremy; MacRaild, Donald M. Studying History. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007: 125. ISBN 9780230364929. [永久失效連結]
  10. ^ Martin Bunzl, "Counterfactual History: A User's Guide", American Historical Review (2004) 109 No. 3, pp. 845–858 in JSTOR
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Titus Livius (Livy). The History of Rome, Book 9. Marquette University. （原始內容存檔於28 February 2007）. 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Dozois, Gardner; Schmidt, Stanley. Roads Not Taken: Tales of Alternate History. New York: Del Rey. 1998: 1–5. ISBN 0-345-42194-9. 
  13. ^ Turtledove, Harry; Greenberg, Martin H. The Best Alternate History Stories of the 20th Century . New York: Del Rey. 2001: 1–5. ISBN 978-0-345-43990-1. 
  14. ^ Morello, Ruth. Livy's Alexander Digression (9.17–19): Counterfactuals and Apologetics. Journal of Roman Studies. 2002, 92: 62–85. JSTOR 3184860. S2CID 162588619. doi:10.2307/3184860. 
  15. ^ Overtoom, Nikolaus. A Roman tradition of Alexander the Great counterfactual history. Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 2012, 52 (3): 203–212. doi:10.1556/AAnt.52.2012.3.2. 
  16. ^ Winthrop-Young, Geoffrey. Fallacies and Thresholds: Notes on the Early Evolution of Alternate History. Historical Social Research. 2009, 34 (2 (128)): 99–117. JSTOR 20762357. 
  17. ^ Turtledove, Harry; Greenberg, Martin H. The Best Alternate History Stories of the 20th Century . New York: Del Rey. 2001: 1–5. ISBN 978-0-345-43990-1. 
  18. ^ Morello, Ruth. Livy's Alexander Digression (9.17–19): Counterfactuals and Apologetics. Journal of Roman Studies. 2002, 92: 62–85. JSTOR 3184860. S2CID 162588619. doi:10.2307/3184860. 
  19. ^ Overtoom, Nikolaus. A Roman tradition of Alexander the Great counterfactual history. Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 2012, 52 (3): 203–212. doi:10.1556/AAnt.52.2012.3.2. 
  20. ^ Winthrop-Young, Geoffrey. Fallacies and Thresholds: Notes on the Early Evolution of Alternate History. Historical Social Research. 2009, 34 (2 (128)): 99–117. JSTOR 20762357. 
  21. ^ Holopainen, Toivo J. Peter Damian. Zalta, Edward N. (編). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Winter 2016. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2016. 
  22. ^ Migne, Jacques-Paul. De divina omnipotentia in reparatione, et factis infectis redendis. Petrus Damianus. Patrologia Latina 145 (Paris: Ateliers catholiques du Petit-Montrouge). 1853: 595–622 （拉丁語）. 
  23. ^ Damien, Pierre. Lettre sur la toute-puissance divine. Introduction, texte critique, traduction et notes. Sources chrétiennes 191. 由Cantin, André翻譯 (Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf). 1972 （法語）. 
  24. ^ Damian, Pierre. Letters of Peter Damian 91-120.. The Fathers of the Church. Mediaeval Continuation. 由Blum, Owen J.翻譯. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. 2013: 344–386 [1998]. ISBN 978-0813226392. OCLC 950930030. 
  25. ^ Spade, Paul Vincent. Selections from Peter Damian's Letter on Divine Omnipotence (PDF). 1995. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2022-10-09）. 
  26. ^ Richard Lyman Bushman. Knopf, ISBN 1-4000-4270-4, p. 104
  27. ^ Petrie, Charles. The Stuart Pretenders: A History of the Jacobite Movement, [1688-1807]. Houghton Mifflin. 1934: Appendix VI （英語）. 
  28. ^ If Lee Had Not Won the Battle of Gettysburg - The Churchill Centre. 6 December 2006 [26 January 2016]. （原始內容存檔於6 December 2006）. 
  29. ^ Vaughan, Herbert M. SFE: The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction.  Herbert Millingchamp Vaughan's The Dial of Ahaz (1917) posits a multiverse filled with alternate versions of planet Earth.
  30. ^ Wells, H.G. Men Like Gods. Gutenberg.net.au. 1923. 
  31. ^ Morgan, Glyn; Palmer-Patel, Charul. Sideways in Time: Critical Essays on Alternate History Fiction. Cambridge, England: Liverpool University Press. 2019-10-31: 11–28. ISBN 978-1789620139. 
  32. ^ Civilizations by Laurent Binet Wins the 2021 Sidewise Award. Eisenhower Public Library. September 21, 2022 [February 19, 2024]. 
  33. ^ Rosenfeld, Gavriel D. The World Hitler Never Made: Alternate History and the Memory of Nazism 1. publ. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. 2005: 39, 97–99. ISBN 0-521-84706-0. 
  34. ^ The Darkest Timeline with Ken Jeong & Joel McHale. darkesttimelinepodcast.libsyn.com. [6 April 2023]. 
  35. ^ 'Fallout' TV Series from 'Westworld' Creators Based on Games in Works at Amazon with Series Commitment. 2 July 2020. 
  36. ^ Luster, Joseph. Fena: Pirate Princess Anime Revealed as Crunchyroll and Adult Swim Production. Crunchyroll. 25 July 2020 [10 February 2021]. 
  37. ^ Geekscape Reviews: "Parallels" is a Phenomenal TV Pilot, Frustrating Movie. 3 March 2015. 
  38. ^ Limited series THE PLOT AGAINST AMERICA debuts March 16 | Pressroom. 
  39. ^ Ellis-Petersen, Hannah. SS-GB's dystopian parallel universe – a drama for our time. The Guardian. 10 February 2017. 
  40. ^ soc.history.what-if Frequently Asked Questions. Anthonymayer.net. 8 March 2002 [25 November 2012]. 
  41. ^ AlternateHistory.com. AlternateHistory.com. [14 November 2015]. （原始內容存檔於13 November 2015）. 
  42. ^ Besner, Linda. Considered Alternatives. Real Life. 1 March 2017. 
  43. ^ Berkwits, Jeff. Sci-Fi Site of the Week: Uchronia: The Alternate History List. SciFi.com. [20 November 2008]. （原始內容存檔於1 December 2008）. 
  44. ^ McGowan, Matthew. Sci-Fi Site of the Week: Uchronia: The Alternate History List. SciFi.com. 25 September 2000 [20 November 2008]. （原始內容存檔於17 May 2008）. 
  45. ^ 范軼倫. 从“乌托邦”到“乌有史”：时间旅行的中国“史前史”. 劉毅 (編). 文化研究．总第53辑. 中國社會科學出版社. 2023-12 [2024-11-25]. ISBN 9787522728322 （中文（中國大陸））. 作為「空間旅行」的目的地，「烏托邦」（Utopia）廣為讀者所熟知，而與「時間旅行」緊密相關的「烏有史」（Uchronia），在本土科幻語境中卻相當陌生。 
  46. ^ 姜振宇; 寶樹; 范軼倫; 姜佑怡. 中国科幻的历史意识. 科幻研究通訊 (中國科幻學會). 2023-03-18, (第2卷第4期、第3卷第1期合刊) （中文（中國大陸））. 除了秘史、別史、錯史的三種分類，我認為還可以加入「烏有史」（Uchronia），這個概念是法國哲學家查爾斯·雷諾維耶（Charles Renouvier）在他一部小說裡提出來的，Uchronia指「歷史上的烏托邦」。 
  47. ^ 陳冠中. 從烏有邦 (utopia) 到烏有史 (uchronia) : 虛構與非虛構的想像. 香港浸會大學. 2014 [2024-11-25] （粵語）. 
  48. ^ de Sa, Alexandre F. (2012). From modern utopias to contemporary uchronia. Existential Utopia: New Perspectives on Utopian Thought.
  49. ^ Loyer, Emmanuelle (2019). Uchronia. Booksandideas.net.
  50. ^ Paul Di Filippo. Off the Shelf: The Peshawar Lancers. Book Review. SciFi.com. [2008-10-01]. （原始內容存檔於July 4, 2008）. 
  51. ^ Schmid, Helga (2020). Uchronia: Designing Time. Germany: Walter de Gruyter GmbH. p. 26
  52. ^ Worth, Aaron (2018). Uchronia. Victorian Literature and Culture, 46(3-4), 928-930.
  53. ^ Craveiro, Joanna (2016). A live/living museum of small, forgotten and unwanted memories: performing narratives, testimonies and archives of the Portuguese Dictatorship and Revolution (Doctoral dissertation, University of Roehampton), p. 46.
  54. ^ Schmid, 2020, p. 11, 28.

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查看維基詞典中的詞條「架空歷史」。
 
維基語錄上的架空歷史語錄
 
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