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Acid2
Acid2測試示意。在真實測試時，當滑鼠游標滑過時鼻子會轉為藍色。This is the reference image for Acid2. In the real test, the nose becomes blue while the cursor is hovering over it.
網站類型
網頁標準測試
語言英語
持有者網頁標準計劃小組
創始人Ian Hickson
網址acid2.acidtests.org
商業性質否
註冊否
推出時間2005年4月13日
現狀線上

Acid2，是針對網頁瀏覽器及渲染HTML的軟體就支援網頁渲染的測試。測試沿襲了Acid1的精神，的的由網頁標準計劃小組（Web Standards Project）設計，在1997年推出首個版本，名為"Acid"。

Acid2 is a test page published and promoted by the Web Standards Project（英語：Web Standards Project） to expose flaws in web browsers and other applications that render HTML. Named after the acid test for gold（英語：acid test (gold)）, it was developed in the spirit of Acid1, a relatively narrow test of compliance with the Cascading Style Sheets 1.0 (CSS1) standard, and was released on 13 April 2005. As with Acid1, an application passes the test if the way it displays the test page matches a reference image.

Acid2 tests aspects of HTML markup, CSS 2.1 styling, PNG images, and data URI（英語：data URI）s. The Acid2 test page will be displayed correctly in any application that follows the World Wide Web Consortium and Internet Engineering Task Force specifications for these technologies. These specifications are known as web standards because they describe how technologies used on the web are expected to function.

Acid2 was designed with Microsoft Internet Explorer particularly in mind. The creators of Acid2 were dismayed that Internet Explorer did not follow web standards. It was prone to display web pages differently from other browsers, causing web developers to spend time tweaking（英語：tweaking） their web pages. Acid2 challenged Microsoft to make Internet Explorer comply with web standards.

Acid2 was released on 13 April 2005. On 31 October 2005, Safari 2.0.2 became the first browser to pass Acid2. Opera, Konqueror, Firefox, and others followed. With the release of Internet Explorer 8 on 19 March 2009, the latest versions of all major desktop web browsers now pass the test. Acid2 was followed by Acid3.

History

編輯

thumb|The smiley face of the first version of Acid2. Due to problems in this version of the test, the mouth is too close to the nose and the text "ERROR" appears even in a standards-compliant browser.

Acid2 was first proposed by Håkon Wium Lie, chief technical officer of Opera Software and creator of the widely used Cascading Style Sheets web standard.[1] In a 16 March 2005 article on CNET, Lie expressed dismay that Microsoft Internet Explorer did not properly support web standards and hence was not completely interoperable with other browsers. He announced that Acid2 would be a challenge to Microsoft to design Internet Explorer 7, then in development, to achieve a greater degree of standards compliance than previous versions of Internet Explorer. The original Acid1 test had forced browser makers to fix their applications or face embarrassment; Lie hoped that Acid2 would do the same.[2]

Lie and a colleague, Ian Hickson, had created the first draft of the test in February 2005.[3] Ian Hickson coded the final test in collaboration with the Web Standards Project（英語：Web Standards Project） and the larger web community.[2][4][5][6] It was officially released on 13 April 2005[7] and at that time, every web browser failed it spectacularly.[8]

On 23 April 2005, Acid2 was updated to fix a bug that made the mouth appear too close to the nose.[9][10] After several complaints, the test was again updated in January 2006 to remove a test for unpopular SGML-style comments that were never widely implemented. In browsers that do not implement SGML-style comments, the original test displayed the word "ERROR" on the bottom part of the face.[3]

In March 2008, Ian Hickson released Acid3 as a follow-up to Acid2. While Acid2 primarily tests CSS, Acid3 focuses more on JavaScript and other "Web 2.0" technologies.[11]

Microsoft's response

編輯

In July 2005, Chris Wilson, the Internet Explorer Platform Architect, stated that passing Acid2 was not a priority for Internet Explorer 7, describing the test as a "wish list" of features rather than a true test of standards compliance.[12] In December 2007, Microsoft announced that all the changes required to pass Acid2 would be made available in Internet Explorer 8, but that the changes would not be turned on by default, meaning that IE8 would not actually pass the test.[13][14] The concern was that switching to a new behavior would cause too many problems in web pages expecting Internet Explorer's old, non-compliant behavior. Then in March 2008 Microsoft released IE8 beta 1 and turned on the changes by default after all.[15] James Pratt, Product Manager for IE8, explained that this decision was made so that "developers can spend more time building features and cool stuff, and less time just trying to tweak their sites across different browsers."[16]

Unfortunately, another unresolved standards compliance issue caused IE8 beta 1 to fail if not all elements of the test were hosted from the same server.[17][18][19] In August 2008 Microsoft released IE8 beta 2, which resolved the issue.[20] As of that beta, however, standards mode is not turned on by default for pages loaded in the "Intranet Zone". This zone is active for pages loaded via UNC path（英語：UNC path）s, named addresses without dots (like http://mysite/), and sites that bypass the proxy settings.[21] As such, IE8 will not pass the Acid2 test if loaded in these cases.[22]

Overview of standards tested

編輯

Acid2 tests a variety of web standards published by the World Wide Web Consortium and the Internet Engineering Task Force. With the exception of CSS 2.1, all web standards tested were codified before the year 2000.[23][24][25][26] CSS 2.1 was a candidate recommendation at the time of Acid2's release,[27] and is still a candidate recommendation as of 23 April 2009.[28]

Specifically, Acid2 tests:[29]

  • Alpha transparency in PNG-format images: The eyes of the smiley face use alpha transparency, which is part of the 1996 Portable Network Graphics specification. Alpha transparency blends the eyebrows into the face smoothly and elegantly. This was a significant issue because Internet Explorer 6, the most widely used web browser at the time Acid2 was released,[30] did not support alpha transparency. This deficiency was rectified in Internet Explorer 7, bringing Internet Explorer in line with other web browsers in this regard.[31]
  • The object element: The eyes also test support of the HTML object element. The object element has been a part of HTML since HTML 4 was released in 1998,[32] yet by 2005 it still was not completely supported in all web browsers. The creators of Acid2 considered object element support important because it allows for content fallback—if an object fails to load, then the browser can display alternative (generally simpler, more reliable) content in its place.
  • Data URI（英語：Data URI）s: The actual images that form the eyes are encoded as data URIs, which allow multimedia to be embedded in web pages rather than stored as a separate file. Acid2 tests the most common case, where a binary image is base64-encoded into text and then that encoded text is included in a data URI in the web page. Interestingly, although the IETF published the data URI specification in 1998,[25] they never formally adopted it as a standard.[33] Nonetheless, the HTML 4.01 specification references the data URI scheme（英語：data URI scheme）,[17] and data URI support has now been implemented in most browsers.
  • Absolute, relative, and fixed CSS positioning: Absolute positioning means that the web developer specifies the exact X and Y coordinates where an element is to be placed into the page. Relative positioning means that the web developer specifies an X and Y offset from the usual position of the element. Fixed positioning means that the element is placed relative to the browser window, and scrolls with the window rather than with the rest of the page.[34][35]
  • The CSS box model: This feature allows the web designer to specify dimensions, padding, borders, and margins,[36] and was the focus of the original Acid1 test.[29] Acid2 not only retests margin support but also tests minimum and maximum heights and widths, features new to CSS 2.0.
  • CSS table formatting: This part of CSS allows the web designer to apply table formatting without traditional HTML table markup.
  • CSS generated content: Using CSS generated content, web developers can add decorations and annotations to specified elements without having to add the content to each one individually.
  • CSS parsing: A number of illegal CSS statements are present in Acid2 to test error handling. Standards-compliant browsers are expected to handle these errors as the CSS specification directs. This helps ensure cross-browser compatibility by making all browsers treat CSS with the same level of strictness, so that what works in one browser should not cause errors in another.
  • Paint order: Acid2 requires that the browser has standard paint order. That is, overlapping elements should be placed or painted on top of each other in the correct order.
  • Hovering effects: When the user moves his or her mouse over the smiley face's nose, it turns blue. This is called a hovering effect, and while it has traditionally been used for hyperlinks, it should work on a wide variety of HTML elements.[37]

Because Acid2 is not a comprehensive test, it does not guarantee total conformance to any particular standard. A variant of the Acid2 test that does not test for data URI support is also available from the Web Standards Project.[29]

Passing conditions

編輯

A passing score is only considered valid if the browser's default settings were used. Actions such as changing font sizes, zoom level, and applying user stylesheets can break the display of the test. This is expected and is not relevant to a browser's compliance.[38]

The following browser settings and user actions invalidate the test:[38][39]

  • Scrolling
  • Resizing the browser window
  • Zooming in or out
  • Disabling images
  • Using Opera's Fit to width or Small Screen Rendering modes
  • Applying custom fonts, colors, styles, etc.
  • User JavaScript or Greasemonkey scripts
  • Enabling Internet Explorer's "compatibility view"

Compliant applications

編輯 
           thumb|Acid2 as rendered by compliant applications
           [[:File:Usage share of web browsers that pass Acid2.png|thumb|Use of Acid2-conformant web browsers rose between October 2005 and May 2009.[40]}}

If rendered correctly, Acid2 will appear as a smiley face below the text "Hello World!" in the user's browser, with the nose turning blue when the mouse cursor hovers over it. At the time of the test's release, every browser failed it,[8] but now a number of browsers pass it. See the list below.

Officially released

編輯

Non-compliant applications

編輯

Even though Opera Mini is based on the same rendering engine as Opera for personal computers, it does not pass the Acid2 test.[41][42] This is because Opera Mini intentionally reformats web pages to try to make them more suitable for devices with small screens.[38][43][44]

Timeline of passing applications

編輯

The following is a list of releases noting significant releases of applications that passed the test. New applications that have passed Acid2 since their first official release are not included in the timeline.

Date Browser Availability Notes
27 April 2005 Safari private build[45]
18 May 2005 iCab private build[46] This build was made available to registered iCab users on 20 May 2005.
4 June 2005 Konqueror private build[47]
6 June 2005 iCab public build[46] Whether this version of iCab truly passes the test or not was questioned because it displays a scrollbar on the test page.[48] The CSS specification states that Acid2 correctly rendered should not have a scrollbar,[49] but also says that "there may exist valid reasons in particular circumstances" to ignore this requirement.[50][51]
6 June 2005 Safari source code available[52] WebKit, the underpinnings of Safari, was made open source on 6 June 2005. When Safari was run with this latest version of WebKit, it passed the Acid2 test.
31 October 2005 Safari 2.0.2 official release[53][54] Included in Mac OS X 10.4.3. First officially released web browser to pass test.
29 November 2005 Konqueror 3.5 official release[55] First Linux-compatible browser to pass the test, although it did not hide the scrollbar.
7 December 2005 Prince（英語：Prince XML） 5.1 official release[56] First non-web browser to pass test.
10 March 2006 Opera 9 Development build 8249 public weekly build[57][58] First Microsoft Windows-compatible browser to pass the test and also the first Linux-compatible browser to pass the test including hiding the scrollbar. A public beta was released on 20 April, also successful.[59][60]
28 March 2006 Konqueror 3.5.2 official release[61] Updated to hide the scrollbar.[62][63]
11 April 2006 Mozilla Firefox public nightly build[64] The "reflow refactoring" nightly builds, whose code was branched（英語：branching (software)） from the Gecko 1.9/Firefox 3.0 trunk（英語：Trunk (software)）, pass Acid2.
24 May 2006 Opera Mobile for Symbian OS private build[65] First mobile browser to pass test.
20 July 2006 OmniWeb 5.5 beta 1 public build[66][67][68] OmniWeb switches its rendering engine to WebKit, the same rendering engine used in Safari which already passed the Acid2 test
20 June 2006 Opera 9.0 official release[69]
4 July 2006 Obigo Browser（英語：Obigo Browser） private build[70] Second mobile browser to pass test.
17 August 2006 iCab 3.0.3 official release[71] First public release that hides the scrollbar.
6 September 2006 OmniWeb 5.5 official release[66]
8 December 2006 Mozilla Firefox, Camino, SeaMonkey public nightly build[72] Reflow refactoring branch is merged into main Gecko trunk. Firefox, Camino, and SeaMonkey trunk builds now pass Acid2.
5 March 2008 Internet Explorer 8 Beta 1 public build[73] Beta 1 passes the test when hosted at www.webstandards.org, but fails the test when hosted at webstandards.org or acid2.acidtests.org.[18]
17 June 2008 Mozilla Firefox 3.0 official release[74][75] Mozilla Firefox 3.0,3.5,and 3.6 Pass The Acid2 Test;But 4.0+ Does Not.That's Because A Little Strip Of Light Orange Is Under The Eyes But The Nose Still Turns Blue When The Mouse Hovers Over It
27 August 2008 Internet Explorer 8 Beta 2 public build[76] Beta 2 and later pass the test unless it is hosted from the Intranet Zone.[20][22]
2 September 2008 Google Chrome 0.2 beta public build[77]
14 October 2008 Flock 2.0 official release[78]
11 December 2008 Google Chrome 1.0 official release
19 March 2009 Internet Explorer 8 official release[79]
27 October 2009 SeaMonkey 2.0 official release[80]
18 November 2009 Camino 2.0 official release[81]
24 June 2010 Spicebird（英語：Spicebird） 0.8 official release[82]
4 July 2012 WeasyPrint（英語：WeasyPrint） 0.11 official release[83]

See also

編輯

References

編輯
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  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Lie, Håkon Wium. The Acid2 challenge to Microsoft. CNET. 16 March 2005 [12 January 2008]. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Hickson, Ian. People who don't realise that they're wrong. Hixie's Natural Log. 20 January 2006 [1 April 2008]. （原始內容存檔於2 May 2008）. 
  4. ^ Ian Hickson. The Web Standards Project（英語：Web Standards Project）. [25 March 2008]. 
  5. ^ Ben Henick. The Web Standards Project（英語：Web Standards Project）. [2 April 2008]. （原始內容存檔於1 April 2008）. 
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  81. ^ Camino 2 Release Notes. 
  82. ^ Spicebird 0.8 Release Notes. 
  83. ^ WeasyPrint home page. 
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瀏覽器的測試

編輯

該測試頁透過嚴謹的編碼，可快速辨認網頁排版的漏洞，而測試要求是排版引擎需能排出如圖中的笑臉，在測試剛推出時，沒有一個瀏覽器可排出要求的圖像。及至2012年7月，共有7套正式版軟體成功通過測試，按推出日期排列，計有：

iCab及Konqueror 3.5.1雖能成功排出笑臉，但嚴格來說它們兩者並未算是完整通過，它們並沒有使用該測試要求的樣式，以及測試結果出現了捲軸條（正常理應不會出現），但發起測試的WaSP仍宣佈為合格。Konqueror的3.5.2版已修正捲軸條會出現的問題。

建基於Gecko引擎的Mozilla Firefox，在2006年12月8日推出的3.0 Alpha1測試版，成功通過Acid2，而正式版瀏覽器已於2008年6月17日推出。

微軟從 IE8 起已能通過Acid2。

測試時間表

編輯

Acid2測試於2005年4月13日正式發佈，以下是有關瀏覽器及其他軟體通過測試的時間表。

日期 瀏覽器 類型 備註
2005年4月27日 Safari 非公開測試版
2005年5月18日 iCab 非公開測試版
2005年5月20日 iCab 會員測試版
2005年6月4日 Konqueror 非公開測試版
2005年6月6日 iCab 公開測試版
2005年10月31日 Safari 正式版 2.02版本，隨Mac OS X 10.4.3附送，是首個通過測試的正式版瀏覽器。
2005年11月29日 Konqueror 正式版 隨KDE 3.5附送，是首個能排出要求圖像的Linux瀏覽器。
2005年12月7日 Prince 正式版 5.1版本，是首個通過測試的非瀏覽器軟體。
2006年3月10日 Opera 每週測試版 首個通過測試的Windows瀏覽器，4月20日發佈的公開測試版也順利通過。
2006年3月24日 iCab 會員測試版 在iCab 3.0.2b400版已加入隱藏捲軸條的功能。
2006年3月28日 Konqueror 正式版 前一版Konqueror的測試合格仍存疑問，此版本已去掉測試所出現的捲軸條。
2006年4月12日 Firefox 半公開測試版 有關檔案可在網站找到，但用家需自行編譯有關檔案。
2006年5月24日 Opera Mobile 非公開測試版 首個通過測試的行動裝置瀏覽器。
2006年6月20日 Opera 9.0 正式版 首個通過測試的多平台瀏覽器。
2006年6月20日 Obigo Browser 非公開測試版 第二個通過測試的行動裝置瀏覽器。
2006年8月17日 iCab 3.0.3 正式版 首個通過測試的iCab正式版本，成功隱藏捲軸條。
2006年12月8日 Firefox 公開測試版 (nightly build)[1] 首個 Firefox 正式開發版本通過 Acid2
2006年12月8日 Camino 公開測試版 (nightly trunk build)[1] 首個 Camino 正式開發版本通過 Acid2 (reflow-refactoring branch was landed).
2006年12月8日 SeaMonkey 公開測試版 (nightly trunk build)[1] 首個 SeaMonkey 正式開發版本通過 Acid2 (reflow-refactoring branch was landed).
2007年2月7日 Firefox 公開測試版 (public build) Firefox 3 的 Alpha 2（版本代號 Gran Paradiso）通過 Acid2 測試。
2007年10月24日 Mozilla Prism 0.8 測試版本
2007年12月19日 Internet Explorer 8.0 非公開測試版[2] 首個Internet Explorer版本在「標準模式」下通過 Acid2 測試。
2008年3月5日 Internet Explorer 8.0 公開測試版[3] 首個Internet Explorer公開測試版本下通過 Acid2 測試。
2008年6月17日 Mozilla Firefox 3.0 正式版
2009年3月19日 Internet Explorer 8.0 正式版

參見

編輯

註釋

編輯
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Mozilla Bug 289480. [2006-12-08]. 
  2. ^ Internet Explorer 8 and Acid2: A Milestone. IEBlog. December 19, 2007 [2008-01-24]. 
  3. ^ Microsoft Releases Internet Explorer 8 Beta. PCMag. March 3, 2008 [2008-03-05]. 

外部連結

編輯
取自「https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Fantasticfears/Sandbox&oldid=76934861」