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喬治·威斯汀豪斯
George Westinghouse, c. early 1900s
出生(1846-10-06)1846年10月6日
美國,紐約,斯科哈里縣
逝世1914年3月12日(1914歲—03—12)（67歲）
美國,紐約
國籍美國
獎項約翰·弗里茨獎 (1906)
IEEE愛迪生獎章 (1911)
簽名

小喬治·威斯汀豪斯（英語：George Westinghouse, Jr.，1846年10月6日—1914年3月12日），是美國 賓州 的企業家和著名的工程師、他發明了火車的空氣煞車系統，並且是電力工業的先驅。他在19歲就取得了第一個專利。威斯汀豪斯看到了交流電在電力配送系統上的潛力，早在1880年代，他便投入所有資源在於發展交流電系統並將它推上市場，他的行動導致他的事業與愛迪生的直流系統直接競爭。在1991年威斯汀豪斯獲得了美國電氣工程學會(AIEE)的愛迪生獎章以彰顯他在"串連發展交流電系統的卓著貢獻與成就"。[1]

早年生活

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喬治·威斯汀豪斯於1846年出生在紐約中央橋，是老喬治·威斯汀豪斯與艾米莉的兒子，老喬治·威斯汀豪斯是一家機械商店的老闆。[2]

他的祖先來自德國的威斯特伐利亞，他們先移居英國，然後移民到了美國。這個名字來自德語Westinghausen英語化而來。從他年輕時起，他就在機械和商業方面具有天賦。在十五歲時，隨著南北戰爭爆發，威斯汀豪斯進入到紐約國民警衛隊服役，直到他的父母催促他回家。 1863年4月，他又說服了父母允許他重新入伍，於是他加入了第16紐約騎兵隊的M公司，並晉升為下士。 1864年12月，他從陸軍轉而加入海軍，擔任「USS Muscoota」級槍艇的第三助理工程師直到戰爭結束。[3] 在1865年8月退伍後，他回到斯克內塔第的家中，並就讀於聯合學院。然而，他對學業失去興趣，並在第一個學期輟學。

威斯汀豪斯19歲時創造了他的第一個發明"旋轉蒸汽機"。[4]他還設計了西屋農場引擎。在21歲時，他發明了一種「汽車替代品」，用於引導出軌的火車返回軌道的裝置，以及一種火車鐵軌轉轍器，是一種用於切換鐵路鐵軌的開關的裝置，可將火車引導切換到兩條軌道之一。 [4][5]

空氣煞車

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當時，他目睹了一輛火車殘骸，兩名工程師互相看見，但是無法使用現有的製動器及時停下他們的火車。剎車從汽車到汽車，在汽車頂上的走道上行駛，手動剎車在每輛車上。 File：WestuinghouseSteamAndAirBrakes USP144006.png 西屋蒸汽和空氣製動器（專，144,006） Westinghouse系統在機車上使用壓縮機，在每輛車上使用備用閥和特殊閥門，在列車長度上使用單根管道（具有靈活性）連接）既重新填充油箱又控制制動，允許工程師同時在所有車輛上施加和釋放制動器。這是一個故障保護系統，因為列車管道中的任何斷開或斷開都會將製動器應用到列車上。它於1873年10月28日由Westinghouse獲得專利。[6] Westinghouse空氣製動公司（WABCO）被顛覆性地組織製造和銷售Westinghouse的發明。它幾乎被鐵路普遍採用。在重型卡車上也可以找到相同的故障安全空氣概念設計。 1881年，他找到了Union交換機和Signal公司來製造他的信號和切換發明。[來源：] Westinghouse對鐵路信號進行了許多改進（然後使用了油燈）。

At about this time, he witnessed a train wreck where two engineers saw one another, but were unable to stop their trains in time using the existing brakes. Brakemen had to run from car to car, on catwalks atop the cars, applying the brakes manually on each car.[來源請求]

 
Westinghouse Steam and Air Brakes (美國專利第144,006號)

In 1869, at age 22, Westinghouse invented a railroad braking system using compressed air. The Westinghouse system used a compressor on the locomotive, a reservoir and a special valve on each car, and a single pipe running the length of the train (with flexible connections) which both refilled the reservoirs and controlled the brakes, allowing the engineer to apply and release the brakes simultaneously on all cars. It is a failsafe system, in that any rupture or disconnection in the train pipe will apply the brakes throughout the train. It was patented by Westinghouse on October 28, 1873.[6] The Westinghouse Air Brake Company (WABCO) was subsequently organized to manufacture and sell Westinghouse's invention. It was in time nearly universally adopted by railways. Modern trains use brakes in various forms based on this design. The same conceptual design of fail-safe air brake is also found on heavy trucks.[來源請求]

Westinghouse pursued many improvements in railway signals (which then used oil lamps). In 1881 he founded the Union Switch and Signal Company to manufacture his signaling and switching inventions.[來源請求]

電力配送

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Westinghouse Electric Company 1888 catalog advertising their "Alternating System"

西屋公司對天然氣配送和電話交換的興趣使他對19世紀80年代早期新的電力分配領域產生了興趣。電氣照明是一項不斷發展的業務，許多公司正在建造室外直流（DC）和交流（AC）弧光照明的街道照明系統，托馬斯愛迪生推出了第一個直流電力設施，旨在用他的專利白熾燈泡照亮家庭和企業。 1884年，西屋公司開始開發自己的DC家用照明系統，並聘請物理學家威廉·斯坦利（William Stanley）進行研究。西屋公司於1885年開始意識到新的歐洲交流系統，當時他在英國技術期刊工程中讀到了這些系統。[7] AC有能力通過變壓器「升壓」電壓以進行長距離分配，然後通過變壓器「降壓」以供消費者使用，從而允許大型集中式發電廠在具有更多分散人口的城市中長距離供電。這是由托馬斯愛迪生電力公司銷售的低壓直流系統的優勢，由於使用的電壓較低，該系統的範圍有限。西屋公司看到AC有可能實現更大的規模經濟，從而建立一個真正具有競爭力的系統，而不是簡單地建立另一個幾乎沒有競爭力的DC照明系統，使用的專利不同，可以繞過愛迪生的專利。[8]

Westinghouse's interests in gas distribution and telephone switching led him to become interested in the then new field of electrical power distribution in the early 1880s. Electric lighting was a growing business with many companies building outdoor direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) arc lighting based street lighting systems and Thomas Edison launching the first DC electric utility designed to light homes and businesses with his patented incandescent bulb. In 1884 Westinghouse started developing his own DC domestic lighting system and hired physicist William Stanley to work on it. Westinghouse became aware of the new European alternating current systems in 1885 when he read about them in the UK technical journal Engineering.[7] AC had the ability to be "stepped up" in voltage by a transformer for distribution long distances and then "stepped down" by a transformer for consumer use allowing large centralized power plants to supply electricity long distance in cities with more disperse populations. This was an advantage over the low voltage DC systems being marketed by Thomas Edison's electric utility which had a limited range due to the low voltages used. Westinghouse saw AC's potential to achieve greater economies of scale as way to build a truly competitive system instead of simply building another barely competitive DC lighting system using patents just different enough to get around the Edison patents.[8]

1885年，西屋公司進口了許多Gaulard-Gibbs變壓器和一台西門子交流發電機，開始在匹茲堡試驗交流網絡。 Stanley在工程師Albert Schmid和Oliver B. Shallenberger的協助下，將Gaulard-Gibbs變壓器設計發展成為第一台實用變壓器。[9] 1886年，在Westinghouse的支持下，Stanley在馬薩諸塞州Great Barrington安裝了第一個多電壓交流電源系統，這是一個由水力發電機驅動的示範照明系統，產生500伏交流電壓降至100伏特，用於照亮家庭和企業中的白熾燈泡。。 同年，西屋公司成立了「西屋電氣與製造公司」; [18]他於1889年將其更名為「西屋電氣公司」。

 
Westinghouse patent for an AC lighting system with battery backup from 1887 (美國專利第373,035號)

In 1885 Westinghouse imported a number of Gaulard–Gibbs transformers and a Siemens AC generator, to begin experimenting with AC networks in Pittsburgh. Stanley, assisted by engineers Albert Schmid and Oliver B. Shallenberger, developed the Gaulard–Gibbs transformer design into the first practical transformer.[9] In 1886, with Westinghouse's backing, Stanley installed the first multiple-voltage AC power system in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, a demonstration lighting system driven by a hydroelectric generator that produced 500 volts AC stepped down to 100 volts to light incandescent bulbs in homes and businesses. That same year, Westinghouse formed the "Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company";[10] in 1889 he renamed it as "Westinghouse Electric Corporation".

電流戰爭

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主條目：電流戰爭

Westinghouse公司在一年內安裝了30多個交流照明系統，到1887年底，它有64個交流電站到愛迪生的121個直流電站。[11]這場與愛迪生的競爭在19世紀80年代後期引發了所謂的「電流戰爭」，托馬斯愛迪生和他的公司加入了公眾的觀念，認為交流配電中使用的高壓是不安全的。愛迪生甚至建議在紐約州的新電動椅上使用Westinghouse交流發電機。西屋公司還不得不與交易對手Thomson-Houston Electric Company打交道，該公司在1887年底建造了22座發電站[11]並且到1889年又收購了另一家競爭對手Brush Electric Company。 Thomson-Houston正在擴大業務，同時試圖避免與Westinghouse的專利衝突，安排諸如達成照明公司領域協議，支付使用Stanley變壓器專利的版稅以及允許Westinghouse使用他們的Sawyer-Man白熾燈泡專利等交易。與湯姆森 - 休斯頓勾結的愛迪生公司在1890年設法安排第一把電動椅用Westinghouse交流發電機供電，迫使西屋公司試圖通過聘請當天最好的律師來阻止這一舉動（不成功）保衛威廉·凱姆勒，第一個被安排死在椅子上的人。電流戰將以金融家為代表，例如J. P. Morgan，將愛迪生電氣推向AC並推出托馬斯愛迪生。[12] 1892年，愛迪生公司與湯姆森 - 休斯頓電氣公司合併成立奇異公司，這是一家控制著湯姆森 - 休斯頓董事會的企業集團。[13]

The Westinghouse company installed 30 more AC-lighting systems within a year and by the end of 1887 it had 68 alternating current power stations to Edison's 121 DC-based stations.[11] This competition with Edison led in the late 1880s to what has been called the "War of Currents" with Thomas Edison and his company joining in with a spreading public perception that the high voltages used in AC distribution were unsafe. Edison even suggested a Westinghouse AC generator be used in the State of New York's new electric chair. Westinghouse also had to deal with an AC rival, the Thomson-Houston Electric Company who had built 22 power stations by the end of 1887[11] and by 1889 had bought out another competitor, the Brush Electric Company. Thomson-Houston was expanding their business while trying to avoid patent conflicts with Westinghouse, arranging deals such as coming to agreements over lighting company territory, paying a royalty to use the Stanley transformer patent, and allowing Westinghouse to use their Sawyer–Man incandescent bulb patent. The Edison company, in collusion with Thomson-Houston, managed to arrange in 1890 that the first electric chair was powered with a Westinghouse AC generator, forcing Westinghouse to try to block this move by hiring the best lawyer of the day to (unsuccessfully) defend William Kemmler, the first man scheduled to die in the chair. The War of Currents would end with financiers, such as J. P. Morgan, pushing Edison Electric towards AC and pushing out Thomas Edison.[12] In 1892 the Edison company was merged with the Thomson-Houston Electric Company to form General Electric, a conglomerate with the board of Thomson-Houston in control.[13]

開發與競爭

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During this period Westinghouse continued to pour money and engineering resources into the goal of building a completely integrated AC system, obtaining the Sawyer–Man lamp by buying Consolidated Electric Light, developing components such as an induction meter,[14] and obtaining the rights to inventor Nikola Tesla's brushless AC induction motor along with patents for a new type of electric power distribution, polyphase alternating current.[15][16] The acquisition of a feasible AC motor gave Westinghouse a key patent for his system, but the financial strain of buying up patents and hiring the engineers needed to build it meant development of Tesla's motor had to be put on hold for a while.[17]

In 1890 Westinghouse's company was in trouble. The near collapse of Barings Bank in London triggered the financial panic of 1890, causing investors to call in their loans to W.E.[18] The sudden cash shortage forced the company to refinance its debts. The new lenders demanded that Westinghouse cut back on what looked like excessive spending on acquisition of other companies, research, and patents.[19][20]

 
Workmen with one of the two Westinghouse alternators used in the Ames Hydroelectric AC power installation

In 1891 Westinghouse built a hydroelectric AC power plant, the Ames Hydroelectric Generating Plant. The plant supplied power to the Gold King Mine 3.5 miles away. This was the first successful demonstration of long-distance transmission of industrial-grade alternating current power and used two 100 hp Westinghouse alternators, one working as a generator producing 3000-volt, 133-Hertz, single-phase AC, and the other used as an AC motor.[21] At the beginning of 1893 Westinghouse engineer Benjamin Lamme had made great progress developing an efficient version of Tesla's induction motor and Westinghouse Electric started branding their complete polyphase AC system as the "Tesla Polyphase System", announcing Tesla's patents gave them patent priority over other AC systems and their intentions to sue patent infringers.[22]

In 1893, George Westinghouse won the bid to light the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago with alternating current, slightly underbidding General Electric to get the contract.[23][24] This World's Fair devoted a building to electrical exhibits. It was a key event in the history of AC power, as Westinghouse demonstrated the safety, reliability, and efficiency of a fully integrated alternating current system to the American public.[25]

 
Aerial view of Niagara Falls, with the American Falls at left and the Canadian Horseshoe Falls on the right

Westinghouse's demonstration that they could build a complete AC system at the Colombian Exposition was instrumental in them getting the contract for building a two-phase AC generating system, the Adams Power Plant, at Niagara Falls in 1895. At the same time, a contract to build the three-phase AC distribution system the project needed was awarded to General Electric.[26] The early to mid-1890s saw General Electric, backed by financier J. P. Morgan, involved in costly takeover attempts and patent battles with Westinghouse Electric. The competition was so costly a patent-sharing agreement was signed between the two companies in 1896.[27]

其它項目

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In 1889, Westinghouse purchased several mining claims in the Patagonia Mountains of southeastern Arizona and formed the Duquesne Mining & Reduction Company. A year later he founded what is now the ghost town of Duquesne to use as his company headquarters. He lived in a large Victorian frame house, which still stands, but in disrepair. Duquesne grew to over a 1,000 residents and the mine reached its peak production in the mid-1910s.[28][29]

With AC networks expanding, Westinghouse turned his attention to electrical power production. At the outset, the available generating sources were hydroturbines where falling water was available, and reciprocating steam engines where it was not. Westinghouse felt that reciprocating steam engines were clumsy and inefficient, and wanted to develop some class of "rotating" engine that would be more elegant and efficient.

One of his first inventions had been a rotary steam engine, but it had proven impractical. The British engineer Charles Algernon Parsons began experimenting with steam turbines in 1884, beginning with a 10-horsepower (7.5 kW) turbine. Westinghouse bought rights to the Parsons turbine in 1885, improved the Parsons technology, and increased its scale.

 
The residence of George Westinghouse in Washington, D.C., from 1901 to 1914

In 1898 Westinghouse demonstrated a 300-kilowatt unit, replacing reciprocating engines in his air-brake factory. The next year he installed a 1.5-megawatt, 1,200 rpm unit for the Hartford Electric Light Company.

Westinghouse then developed steam turbines for maritime propulsion. Large turbines were most efficient at about 3,000 rpm, while an efficient propeller operated at about 100 rpm. That required reduction gearing, but building reduction gearing that could operate at high rpm and at high power was difficult, since a slight misalignment would shake the power train to pieces. Westinghouse and his engineers devised an automatic alignment system that made turbine power practical for large vessels.

Westinghouse remained productive and inventive almost all his life. Like Edison, he had a practical and experimental streak. At one time, Westinghouse began to work on heat pumps that could provide heating and cooling, and believed that he might be able to extract enough power in the process for the system to run itself.[來源請求]

Westinghouse was after a perpetual motion machine, and the British physicist Lord Kelvin, one of Westinghouse's correspondents, told him that he would be violating the laws of thermodynamics. Westinghouse replied that might be the case, but it made no difference. If he couldn't build a perpetual-motion machine, he would still have a heat pump system that he could patent and sell.

With the introduction of the automobile after the turn of the century, Westinghouse went back to earlier inventions and devised a compressed air shock absorber for automobile suspensions.

個人生活、晚年生活與去世

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In 1867, Westinghouse met and soon married Marguerite Erskine Walker. They were married for 47 years,[30] and had one son, George Westinghouse III, who had six children.[31] The couple made their first home in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. They later acquired houses in Lenox, Massachusetts, where they summered, and in Washington, District of Columbia.[來源請求]

Westinghouse remained a captain of American industry until 1907, when the financial panic of 1907 led to his resignation from control of the Westinghouse company. By 1911, he was no longer active in business, and his health was in decline.[來源請求]

George Westinghouse died on March 12, 1914, in New York City at age 67. He was initially interred in Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx, NY then removed on December 14, 1915. As a Civil War veteran, he was buried in Arlington National Cemetery, along with his wife Marguerite, who survived him by three months. She had also been initially interred in Woodlawn and removed and reinterred at the same time as George.[32]

勞資關係

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喬治·威斯汀豪斯於1881年在他的匹茲堡工廠第一個率先實施星期六放假半天的制度，當時一週工作六天仍為一般慣例。 [來源請求]

榮譽與獎勵

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File:Westinghousememorial.jpg
The Westinghouse Memorial in Schenley Park.

In 1918 his former home, Solitude, was razed and the land given to the City of Pittsburgh to establish Westinghouse Park. In 1930, the Westinghouse Memorial, funded by his employees, was placed in Schenley Park in Pittsburgh. Also named in his honor, George Westinghouse Bridge is near the site of his Turtle Creek plant. Its plaque reads:

IN BOLDNESS OF CONCEPTION, IN GREATNESS
AND IN USEFULNESS TO MANKIND THIS BRIDGE
TYPIFIES THE CHARACTER AND CAREER OF
GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE 1846–1914
IN WHOSE HONOR IT WAS DEDICATED ON
SEPTEMBER 10, 1932

The George Westinghouse Jr. Birthplace and Boyhood Home in Central Bridge, New York, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.[33]

In 1989, Westinghouse was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.

  • 符號清單項目

參考文獻

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專利

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註釋

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  1. ^ George Westinghouse. IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. [July 22, 2011]. 
  2. ^ Westinghouse__George.html. PSU.edu. [October 7, 2017]. （原始內容存檔於October 17, 2015）. 
  3. ^ Register of Commissioned Officers of the United States Navy. 1865. pg. 209.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 George Westinghouse Timeline 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期October 21, 2014，.
  5. ^ He would later patent the device. It was issued as 美國專利第76,365號 in April 1868, when he was 22. It would be reissued as 美國專利第RE3,584號 in August 1869.
  6. ^ Improvement in steam and air brakes. Google.com. [October 7, 2017]. 
  7. ^ Richard Moran, Executioner's Current: Thomas Edison, George Westinghouse, and the Invention of the Electric Chair, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group - 2007, page 42
  8. ^ Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age by W. Bernard Carlson Princeton University Press - 2013, page 89
  9. ^ Center, Copyright 2015 Edison Tech. William Stanley - Engineering Hall of Fame. www.EdisonTechCenter.org. [October 7, 2017]. 
  10. ^ Steam Hammer, Westinghouse Works, 1904. World Digital Library. May 1904 [July 28, 2013]. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Jr, Robert L. Bradley. Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. John Wiley & Sons: 50. October 24, 2011 [October 7, 2017] –透過Google Books. 
  12. ^ Quentin R. Skrabec, George Westinghouse: Gentle Genius, page 97
  13. ^ Bradley, Robert L., Jr. (2011). Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-47091-736-7, pages 28-29
  14. ^ Marc Seifer, Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla, page 1713
  15. ^ John W. Klooster, Icons of Invention: The Makers of the Modern World from Gutenberg to Gates, page 305
  16. ^ Jill Jonnes, Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, and the Race to Electrify the World, Edison Declares War
  17. ^ Quentin R. Skrabec, George Westinghouse: Gentle Genius, page 127
  18. ^ Carlson 2013，第130頁.
  19. ^ Carlson, W. Bernard (2013). Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age, Princeton University Press, page 131
  20. ^ Jill Jonnes, Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, and the Race to Electrify the World, Random House - 2004, page=29
  21. ^ Mattox, D. M. The Foundations of Vacuum Coating Technology. Elsevier Science: 39. January 15, 2013 [October 7, 2017] –透過Google Books. 
  22. ^ Carlson, W. Bernard (2013). Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age, Princeton University Press, page 167
  23. ^ Richard Moran, Executioner's Current: Thomas Edison, George Westinghouse, and the Invention of the Electric Chair, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group - 2007, page 97
  24. ^ Quentin R. Skrabec, George Westinghouse: Gentle Genius, pages 135–137
  25. ^ America at the Fair:: Chicago's 1893 World's Columbian Exposition (Google eBook) Chaim M. Rosenberg Arcadia Publishing, 20 February 2008
  26. ^ Carlson, W. Bernard (2013). Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age, Princeton University Press, page 167–173
  27. ^ Skrabec, Quentin R.; Westinghouse, George. Gentle Genius. History: 190. Agreement stayed in effect until 1911 
  28. ^ John and Bette Bosma. Southwest Arizona Ghost Towns Harshaw, Mowry, Washington Camp, Duquesne, Lochiel (PDF). April 2006 [January 10, 2015]. 
  29. ^ Sherman, James E. & Barbara H. Ghost Towns of Arizona. University of Oklahoma. 1969. ISBN 0806108436. 
  30. ^ Henry Prout, A Life of George Westinghouse, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1921 pg. 3
  31. ^ Westinghouse clan gathers here, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, November 10, 2008
  32. ^ Patterson, Michael Robert. George Westinghouse. www.arlingtoncemetery.net. [2018-02-09]. 
  33. ^ National Register Information System. National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2009-03-13. 

參考書目

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外部影片連結
  Booknotes interview with Jill Jonnes on Empires of Light, October 26, 2003, C-SPAN

外部連結

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維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源：Mcmillan520368/沙盒4
 
英文維基文庫有關於《George Westinghouse》的1922年大英百科全書條目。

{{IEEE愛迪生獎章獲獎者 1909–1925}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Westinghouse, George}} [[Category:美國企業家]] [[Category:美國工程師]] [[Category:美國發明家]] [[Category:紐約州人]]

Template:Westinghouse Template:IEEE Edison Medal Laureates 1909-1925 Template:John Fritz Medal Template:Presidents of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans

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