希腊语底层
前希腊语底层包含一种或多种史前不明前印欧语[可疑],是在原始希腊语人群于青铜时代到来之前就分布在希腊半岛的语言。希腊语有一千个左右难以追溯到原始印欧语的词汇,可能就是从这样的语言借来的。[1][2]
简介
编辑语言学情况
编辑基于地名和词汇证据,一般认为希腊半岛和小亚细亚西部在迈锡尼希腊语和安那托利亚语族(赫梯语和卢维语)之前还曾分布过一些语言。学者们为解释这一现象,提出了许多假说。[3]
许多学者认为,古希腊语和安纳托利亚语族共享的底层是一种与卢维语有关的印欧语,[4][5]留下了小亚细亚西部常见的以-ssa、-nda结尾的地名和希腊半岛常见的以-ssos、-nthos结尾的地名。[6][7][4]例如,希腊帕纳索斯山的名字,在卢维语中就可以解释为parna-(“房子”) 接领属后缀-ssa-。赫梯语和卢维语文献同样记载了可能有关的地名Parnassa。[4]哲学家马丁·利奇菲尔德·韦斯特把这个地名的源语言称作“帕纳索斯语”,认为“从色雷斯平行地南下了一批人,他们在爱琴海东成为安纳托利亚人,1500年后成为卢维人。”从地名的分布上可以观察到,这种语言的通行时间大约在始于约公元前2800年的早期希腊文明 II时期。[4]
另见
编辑其他印欧语的底层
编辑引用
编辑- ^ Duhoux 2007a,第220–222頁.
- ^ Beekes 2014,第47–48:“最近三十年来(以喉音理论为代表),我们关于印欧语的知识拓展了这么多,我们甚至可以明确说有哪些印欧语构拟是不可能的。[……]在我的EDG中,我标了>PG<的词,都是我认为只能追溯到原始希腊语的词。我找到了1106个。”頁.
- ^ Furnée 1972,第35頁; Renfrew 1998,第253–254頁; Finkelberg 2006,第52頁; West 2007,第8頁; Beekes 2009,第3頁
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 West 2007,第8頁.
- ^ Leonard R. Palmer等人进一步假设,线形文字A记录的可能就是卢维语。当然,也可能是其他安纳托利亚语言。
- ^ Renfrew 1998,第253–254頁.
- ^ Finkelberg 2006,第52頁:“如我们所见,百年前促使人们提出希腊语存在非印欧底层的-nth-、-ss–等词缀,现在可以确认属于一种安纳托利亚语言,更确切地说就是卢维语。”
参考资料
编辑- Bammesberger, Alfred; Vennemann, Theo (编). Languages in Prehistoric Europe. Heidelberg: Universitatsverlag Winter GmBH. 2003 [2023-06-13]. ISBN 978-3-8253-1449-1. (原始内容存档于2023-03-26) (德语).
- Beekes, Robert S. P. The Origin of Apollo. Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions. 2003, 3 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1163/1569212031960384.
- Beekes, Robert S. P. Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Leiden and Boston: Brill. 2009. ISBN 978-90-04-17418-4.
- Beekes, Robert S. P. Pre-Greek Phonology, Morphology, Lexicon. Leiden: Brill. 2014 [2023-06-13]. ISBN 9789004279445. (原始内容存档于2023-11-08).
- Brown, Raymond A. Evidence for Pre-Greek Speech on Crete from Greek Alphabetic Sources. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert. 1985. ISBN 9789025608767.
- Coleman, John E. An Archaeological Scenario for the "Coming of the Greeks" ca. 3200 B.C.. The Journal of Indo-European Studies. 2000, 28 (1–2): 101–153 [2023-06-13]. (原始内容存档于2022-03-08).
- Demiraj, Shaban. The Origin of the Albanians: Linguistically Investigated. Tirana: Academy of Sciences of Albania. 2006 [2023-06-13]. ISBN 978-99943-817-1-5. (原始内容存档于2024-01-20) (英语).
- De Simone, C. 9 Greek and Etruscan. Christidis, A.-F.; Arapopoulou, Maria; Chritē, Maria (编). A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2007: 786–791 [2023-06-13]. ISBN 978-0-521-83307-3. (原始内容存档于2023-09-27).
- Duhoux, Y. 8 Greek and pre-Greek Languages: Introduction. Christidis, A.-F.; Arapopoulou, Maria; Chritē, Maria (编). A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2007a: 220–222 [2023-06-13]. ISBN 9780521833073. (原始内容存档于2023-09-27).
- Finkelberg, Margalit. Greeks and Pre-Greeks: Aegean Prehistory and Greek Heroic Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-521-85216-6.
- Furnée, Edzard J. Die Wichtigsten Konsonantischen Erscheinungen Des Vorgriechischen: Mit Einem Appendix Über Den Vokalismus. The Hague: Mouton. 1972 (德语).
- Furnée, Edzard Johan. Vorgriechisch-Kartvelisches. Leuven: Editions Peeters. 1979 [2023-06-13]. ISBN 2801701149. (原始内容存档于2023-03-26) (德语).
- García-Ramón, José Luís. Greece, Languages. Cancik, Hubert; Schneider, Helmut (编). Brill's New Pauly, Vol. 5. Leiden: Brill. 2004.
- Gere, Cathy. The Tomb of Agamemnon . Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-674-02170-9.
- Hajnal, Ivo; Posch, Claudia. Graeco-Anatolian Contacts in the Mycenaean Period. Sprachwissenschaft Innsbruck Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen. 2009 [2023-06-13]. (原始内容存档于2021-07-13).
- Meier-Brügger, Michael. The Lexicon of Greek. Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (编). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics 1. Walter de Gruyter. 2017 [2023-06-13]. ISBN 978-3-11-054243-1. (原始内容存档于2023-04-23) (英语).
- Mihaylova, Biliana. The Pre-Greek Substratum Revisited. Hejl, Christina Løye; Jacquet, Janus Bahs; Heide, Marie; Whitehead, Benedicte Nielsen; Olsen, Birgit Anette (编). Etymology and the European Lexicon (PDF). Copenhagen: Roots of Europe (University of Copenhagen). 2012: 80–81 [2023-06-13]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-03-26).
- Orel, Vladimir E. Albanian Etymological Dictionary. Leiden and Boston: Brill. 1998 [2023-06-13]. ISBN 978-90-04-11024-3. (原始内容存档于2023-11-28) (英语).
- Renfrew, Colin. Word of Minos: The Minoan Contribution to Mycenaean Greek and the Linguistic Geography of the Bronze Age Aegean. Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 1998, 8 (2): 239–264. S2CID 162191366. doi:10.1017/S0959774300001852.
- West, Martin L. Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9.
阅读更多
编辑- Beattie, A.J. Before Greek Alfred Heubeck: Praegraeca: sprachliche Untersuchungen zum vorgriechischindogermanischen Substrat. (Erlanger Forschungen, Reihe A, Band 12.) Pp. 90. Erlangen: Universitätsbibliothek, 1961. Paper. The Classical Review. 1963, 13 (2): 177–178. S2CID 163062347. doi:10.1017/s0009840x00215370.
- Beekes, Robert S. P. Palatalized Consonants in Pre-Greek. Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics. 2008, 32: 45–56 [2023-06-13]. JSTOR 40997492. (原始内容存档于2021-01-22).
- Carnoy, Albert. Les suffixes toponymiques pré-grecs. L'Antiquité classique. 1960, 29 (2): 319–336 [2023-06-13]. doi:10.3406/antiq.1960.3481. (原始内容存档于2023-03-26).
- Carnoy, Albert. Noms grecs de plantes d'origine pré-hellénique. L'Antiquité classique. 1958, 27 (2): 305–327 [2023-06-13]. doi:10.3406/antiq.1958.3346. (原始内容存档于2023-03-26).
- Delgado, José Miguel Jiménez. Préstamos anatolios en griego antiguo (PDF). Estudios Clásicos. 2008, 133: 7–32 [2017-09-22]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-03-04).
- Duhoux, Yves. Pre-Greek Languages: Indirect Evidence. Christidis, A.-F. (编). A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 2007b: 223–228 [2023-06-13]. ISBN 978-0-521-83307-3. (原始内容存档于2023-09-27).
- Heubeck, Alfred. Praegraeca: sprachliche Untersuchungen zum vorgriechisch-indogermanischen Substrat. Erlangen: Universitätsbund Erlangen. 1961 (德语).
- Watkins, Calvert. The Golden Bowl: Thoughts on the New Sappho and Its Asianic Background. Classical Antiquity. 2007, 26 (2): 305–324. doi:10.1525/ca.2007.26.2.305.
外部链接
编辑- Beekes, Roberts S. P. Etymological Dictionary of Greek: The Pre-Greek Loanwords in Greek. Brill. 2010 [2023-06-13]. (原始内容存档于2022-12-21). (N.B.: Click the "Pre-Greek loanwords in Greek" tab found below the introductory text.)