维基百科

納-德內語系

納-德內語系（英语：Na-Dené languages），或作納-得內語系、納-達內語系或納-德內諸語言，都是指北美洲原住民的一個建議中的語系，主要分布於加拿大西南部（包括西北地區、育空地區及其鄰近地域）和美國西北部（阿拉斯加州，加上俄勒岡州西南部和加利福尼亞州北部）。納-德內語系包含了現時的阿薩巴斯卡語系諸語言、埃雅克語、特林吉特语。

納-德內語系
地理分佈北美洲
谱系学分类德內-葉尼塞語門 (建議中)
  • 納-德內語系
分支
ISO 639-5xnd
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納-德內語系的建議在最初提出時，還包括海達語，但有關海達語與其他語言的關聯有爭議。在2008年3月，有語言學家發表一個建議，把納-德內語系與在西伯利亞通行的葉尼塞語系合併成為德內-葉尼塞語系，並確認海達語跟這個新語系內的成員並沒有關連。這個建議，得到相當數量的語言學家支持[1]。

名称

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“納”（特林吉特语）和“德內”（阿萨巴斯卡语支）都是该语系一些语言对“人”的称呼，“德內”的“內”与“納”同源。“德內”也是一种名为Dëne Sųłiné的阿萨巴斯卡语言。

參看

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附註

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  1. ^ Dene-Yeniseic Symposium. [2008-07-30]. （原始内容存档于2009-05-26）. 

參考文獻

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  • Bengtson, J. D., Edward Sapir and the ‘Sino-Dene’ Hypothesis, Anthropological Science, 1994, 102 (3): 207–230, ISSN 0918-7960, doi:10.1537/ase.102.207, （原始内容存档于2006-11-14） .
  • Dürr, Michael & Renner, Egon, The history of the Na-Dene controversy: A sketch., Renner, Egon & Dürr, Michael (编), Language and Culture in North America: Studies in Honor of Heinz-Jürgen Pinnow, Lincom Studies in Native American Linguistics 2, Munich: Lincom Europa: 3–18, 1995, ISBN 3-89586-004-2 .
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  • Krauss, Michael E., Proto-Athapaskan–Eyak and the problem of Na-Dene: The phonology, International Journal of American Linguistics, 1964, 30 (2): 118–136, doi:10.1086/464766 .
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  • Krauss, Michael E., Noun classification systems in Athapaskan, Eyak, Tlingit, and Haida verbs, International Journal of American Linguistics, 1968, 34 (3): 194–203, doi:10.1086/465014 .
  • Krauss, Michael E., Na-Dene, Sebeok, Thomas A. (编), Linguistics in North America, Current Trends in Linguistics 10, The Hague: Mouton: 903–978, 1973 .
  • Leer, Jeff, Proto-Athabaskan verb stem variation, part one: Phonology, Alaska Native Language Center Papers 1, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, 1979 .
  • Leer, Jeff, Directional systems in Athapaskan and Na-Dene, Cook, Eung-Do; Rice, Keren (编), Athapaskan linguistics: Current perspectives on a language family, Trends in linguistics: State of the art reports 15, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter: 575–622, 1989, ISBN 0-89925-282-6 .
  • Leer, Jeff, Kari, James; Potter, Ben , 编, The Dene–Yeniseian Connection, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, 2010,, 5 (new series): 33–99, 168–193  |chapter=被忽略 (帮助)
  • Leer, Jeff; Hitch, Doug & Ritter, John, Interior Tlingit noun dictionary: The dialects spoken by Tlingit elders of Carcross and Teslin, Yukon, and Atlin, British Columbia, Whitehorse, Yukon Territory: Yukon Native Language Centre, 2001, ISBN 1-55242-227-5 .
  • Levine, Robert D., Haida and Na-Dene: A new look at the evidence, International Journal of American Linguistics, 1979, 45 (2): 157–170, doi:10.1086/465587 .
  • Manaster Ramer, A., Sapir's Classifications: Haida and the Other Na-Dene Languages, Anthropological Linguistics, 1996, 38 (2): 179–216, doi:10.2307/30028930 .
  • Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen, Two problems of the historical phonology of Na-Dene languages, International Journal of American Linguistics, 1962, 28: 162–166 .[與來源不符]
  • Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen, On the historical position of Tlingit, International Journal of American Linguistics, 1964, 30 (2): 155–164, doi:10.1086/464770 .
  • Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen, Grundzüge einer historischen Lautlehre des Tlingit, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1966 （德语） . （德文）
  • Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen, Genetic relationships versus borrowing in Na-Dene, International Journal of American Linguistics, 1968a, 34 (3): 194–203, doi:10.1086/465015 .
  • Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen, Sprachhistorische Studien zur Verbstammvariation im Tlingit, Orbis, 1968b, 17: 509–531 （德语） . Template:De-icon
  • Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen, Notes on the classifiers in the Na-Dene languages, International Journal of American Linguistics, 1970, 36 (1): 63–67, doi:10.1086/465094 .
  • Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen, Geschichte der Na-Dene-Forschung, Indiana Beihefte 5, Berlin: Mann, 1976, ISBN 3-7861-3027-2 （德语） . （德文）
  • Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen, Das Haida als Na-Dene Sprache, Abhandlungen der völkerkundlichen Arbeitsgemeinschaft 43–46, Nortorf, Germany: Völkerkundliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft, 1985 （德语） .
  • Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen, Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Lichte der Greenberg-Klassifikation [The Na-Déné Languages in Light of Greenberg's Classification] 2nd revised, Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert, 2006a （德语） .
  • Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen, Sprachhistorische Untersuchung zur Stellung des Haida als Na-Dene-Sprache, Unveränderte Neuausgabe aus INDIANA 10, Gedenkschrift Gerdt Kutscher. Teil 2 Berlin 1985. Mit einem Anhang: Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Verhältnis zum Tibeto-Chinesischen (Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert), 2006b .
  • Rubicz, R.; Melvin, K. L.; Crawford, M. H., Genetic Evidence for the phylogenetic relationship between Na-Dene and Yeniseian speakers, Human Biology, 2002, 74 (6): 743–761, doi:10.1353/hub.2003.0011 .
  • Ruhlen, Merritt, The Origin of Language: Tracing the Evolution of the Mother Tongue, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994a, ISBN 0-471-58426-6 .
  • Ruhlen, Merritt, The Origin of the Na-Dene, PNAS, 1998, 95 (23): 13994–13996 [2015-08-09], PMC 25007  , PMID 9811914, doi:10.1073/pnas.95.23.13994, （原始内容存档于2020-05-19） .
  • Sapir, Edward, The Na-Dene languages: A preliminary report, American Anthropologist, 1915, 17 (3): 534–558, doi:10.2307/660504 .
  • Thompson, Chad, The Na-Dene middle voice: An impersonal source of the D-element, International Journal of American Linguistics, 1996, 62 (4): 351–378, doi:10.1086/466304 .
  • Vajda, Edward, Kari, James; Potter, Ben , 编, The Dene–Yeniseian Connection, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, 2010,, 5 (new series): 33–99  |chapter=被忽略 (帮助).

外部連結

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检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=納-德內語系&oldid=84163611”