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User:Sdtddh/沙盒

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  关于the apple，请见「Kanzi (apple)」。
  关于Japanese Chinese characters，请见「Kanji」。
坎茲
Kanzi in 2005 after a shower
出生 (1980-10-28) 1980年10月28日（44歲）
喬治亞州立大學
知名于懂得使用符號字
亲属Lorel (mother)
Panbanisha (sister)
Nyota (nephew)
Nathen (nephew)
Elikya (sister)
Maisha (brother)
Teco (nephew)
Kanzi converses with Sue Savage-Rumbaugh in 2006 using a portable "keyboard" of arbitrary symbols that Kanzi associates with words.
卡茲已學會數百個符號，這些符號代表了單字、物體、熟悉的人等等。
Sue Savage-Rumbaugh (L), Kanzi (R), and his sister Panbinisha (C) working at the portable "keyboard"
Although Kanzi can sometimes mimic human speech, this shows him during a species-standard vocalization.

坎茲 (出生於1980年10月28日)，耶基斯語名: (源於中文字:太)，是一隻雄性黑猩猩


, is a male bonobo who has been the subject of several studies on great ape language. According to Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, a primatologist who has studied the bonobo throughout her life, Kanzi has exhibited advanced linguistic aptitude.[1][2][3]

Biography

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卡茲出生於埃默里大學

卡茲出生後不久就被Matata領ㄧ

Born to Lorel and Bosandjo at Yerkes Field Station at Emory University and moved to the Language Research Center at Georgia State University. Shortly after birth Kanzi was stolen and adopted by a more dominant female, Matata, the chief leader of the group. Kanzi and his sister (Matata's offspring, now deceased) moved to the Ape Cognition and Conservation Initiative (ACCI),[4] formerly the Great Ape Trust, in Des Moines, Iowa, where Kanzi is the highest ranking male of the resident community of bonobos.

As an infant, Kanzi accompanied Matata to sessions where Matata was taught language through keyboard lexigrams, but showed little interest in the lessons. It was a great surprise to researchers then when one day, while Matata was away, Kanzi began competently using the lexigrams, becoming not only the first observed ape to have learned aspects of language naturalistically rather than through direct training, but also the first observed bonobo to appear to use some elements of language at all.[2][3] Within a short time, Kanzi had mastered the ten words that researchers had been struggling to teach his adoptive mother, and he has since learned more than two hundred more. When he hears a spoken word (through headphones, to filter out nonverbal clues), he points to the correct lexigram.[2][3]

According to a Discover article, Kanzi is an accomplished tool user.[5]

Kanzi's adoptive mother, Matata, lived to be one of world's oldest captive bonobos until her death in June 2014.[6] In the matriarchal society of bonobos, a male's position is primarily determined by the position of the females he is related to. Matata was the group's chief leader so his status as the highest ranking male was established by being adopted as her "son". According to the Smithsonian magazine, Kanzi "has the mien of an aging patriarch – he's balding and paunchy with serious, deep-set eyes."[7] This description is confirmed by a full-page color photograph of Kanzi in the March 2008 National Geographic, and a full-page black-and-white photograph in Time magazine.[8]

行為與能力

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卡茲的的行為與能力是科學期刊上的研究主題，也受大眾媒體報導與關注。

研究計畫

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當卡茲8歲時，他被納入一個為時九個月的研究計畫。計畫裡他與一個2歲的人類小孩阿里亞(Alia)作為受試者，測試對於口頭指令的反應。卡茲與阿里亞總共被給予660個口頭指令，使用熟悉的物體進行一些不同的任務。測試結果卡茲正確執行了74%的任務，阿里亞正確執行了65%的任務。[9][10]

另一個由考古學家凱西·希克(Kathy Schick)與尼古拉斯·托斯(Nicholas Toth)發起的研究裡，研究卡茲對於早期石器時代的工具的認知與製作能力，並且與人類祖先(能人)比較。這些工具包括 計畫裡，希克與托斯向卡茲展示如何敲打石頭，製造銳利的邊緣，並用來切斷繩子拿到獎勵。在各種場合示範了這些過程後，研究人員將食物放在有透明蓋子的盒子裡，然後用一根繩子綁起來，然後將卡茲引導到放置盒子的圍欄裡，並給予必要的石頭(燧石)。在多年的研究裡，卡茲不僅學會用打製石片器，他還想出往堅硬物體扔鵝卵石的方式製造石片器。懂得製作石片器後，卡茲能取得盒子裡的食物。不過與早期石器時代的人類相比，他製造與使用的石器較為粗糙。[11][12][13]

軼事

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以下是關於卡茲的軼事。

  • 在一次樹林的郊遊裡，卡茲碰觸了代表"棉花糖"和"火"的符號。蘇珊·薩維奇·朗博在接受採訪時說"在拿到火柴與棉花糖後，卡茲折斷樹枝，用火柴生火，並用木棍烤棉花糖。"[14] 在《電訊報》有刊登卡茲生火煮食的照片。[15]
  • 蘇珊請保羅·拉斐爾為倭黑猩猩們表演哈卡舞，這種毛利人的戰鬥舞蹈包括拍擊大腿、擊胸與叫喊。幾乎所有倭黑猩猩將這些行為視為侵略性的表現，並且反應出大叫、露出牙齒與敲打牆壁和地板等行為。卡茲則保持冷靜，並且用倭黑猩猩發音與蘇珊溝通。蘇珊對保羅說"他(卡茲)希望你可以為了他再表演一次，這次在外面的房間，這樣其他的倭黑猩猩才不會生氣。"之後，保羅在另一間房間裡重新進行了一次表演。[14]
  • 蘇珊曾經看過卡茲與他的姊妹潘班尼沙(Panbanisha)溝通。在這個實驗裡，卡茲被關在一個獨立房間，房裡有一些優格。卡茲發出一些潘班尼沙能聽到的聲音，潘班尼沙雖然看不到優格，但卻能指出代表優格的符號字。這代表卡茲發出的聲音可能並非無意義的。[14][16]
  • 在一次電視節目(Champions of the Wild)裡[17]，展示了卡茲遊玩並瞭解如擊敗何街機遊戲吃豆人。

語言

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除了使用符號字鍵盤進行溝通，坎茲還透過大猩猩可可的影片學會美式手語。蘇珊一開始並不知道坎茲會用手語，直到坎茲使用手語向人類學學家丹·普林斯·休斯表達"你，大猩猩，問題"，曾與大猩猩合作過的丹才發現坎茲會用手語。[18]根據耶克斯靈長類動物研究中心的測試，坎茲識別手語的準確度有89-95%。[19]

由於倭黑猩猩的聲帶與人類不同，坎茲無法發出很多人類的聲音，也無法用多數人能理解的方式講話。儘管如此，當坎茲在與人類用圖形符號溝通時，他還是會試著發出一些聲音。後來發現他發出的聲音就是他指的圖形符號，只是發出的聲音較高且不準確。[20]

 
American Sign Language ASL

根據博士蘇·薩維奇·朗博的研究，卡茲能夠"了解個別單字的意思，並且能理解它們在新句子裡的意思"。比如說，研究者要卡茲去拿微波爐裡的紅蘿蔔，卡茲會忽略身邊的紅蘿蔔，直接去找微波爐裡的紅蘿蔔。"[21]又比如研究者給卡茲任務，要求"給你的球餵食番茄"，卡茲選了一顆萬聖節南瓜海綿玩具當作"球"，並將番茄放在玩具的嘴上。與之相較，2歲的兒童不知道如何執行任務。[22][23]

See also

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Other animals used in language studies:

References

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  1. ^ Kluger, Jeffrey. Inside the Minds of Animals. Time. August 5, 2010 [December 13, 2014]. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Savage-Rumbaugh, S., & Lewin, R. Kanzi: The Ape at the Brink of the Human Mind. Wiley. 1994. ISBN 978-0-471-58591-6. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Mitani, J. Kanzi: The Ape at the Brink of the Human Mind. Scientific American. 1995, 272 (6). ISSN 0036-8733. 
  4. ^ ACCI: Ape Cognition & Conservation Initiative. apeinitiative.org. [2016-03-08]. 
  5. ^ Ape at the Brink. Discover. September 1994. 
  6. ^ Finney, Daniel. Bonobo Matata dies at Des Moines ape conservation. The Desmoines Register. June 22, 2014 [27 June 2014]. 
  7. ^ Raffaele, Smithsonian, November 2006.
  8. ^ Time, August 16, 2010.
  9. ^ Savage-Rumbaugh, E. Sue. Language Comprehension in Ape and Child. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. 1993, 58 (3 to 4): i–252. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.473.9931  . JSTOR 1166068. doi:10.2307/1166068. 
  10. ^ Harris, Margaret; Butterworth, George. Developmental Psychology: a Student's Handbook. Psychology Press. 2012: 178 to 180. ISBN 9781135844677. 
  11. ^ Schick, K. D., Toth, N., Garufi, G., Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S., Rumbaugh, D., & Sevcik, R. (1999). Continuing Investigations into the Stone Tool-making and Tool-using Capabilities of a Bonobo (Pan paniscus). Journal of Archaeological Science, 26(7), 821-832.
  12. ^ Savage-Rumbaugh, Sue; Lewin, Roger. Kanzi: the Ape at the Brink of the Human Mind . John Wiley. 1994: 201 to 222. ISBN 978-0471159599. 
  13. ^ Toth, Nicholas; Schick, Kathy D.; Savage-Rumbaugh, E.Sue; Sevcik, Rose A.; Rumbaugh, Duane M. Pan the Tool-Maker: Investigations into the Stone Tool-Making and Tool-Using Capabilities of a Bonobo (Pan paniscus). Journal of Archaeological Science. January 1993, 20 (1): 81–91. doi:10.1006/jasc.1993.1006 （英语）. 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Raffaele, P. Speaking Bonobo. Smithsonian. November 2006 [2008-03-18]. 
  15. ^ Amazing photos of Kanzi the bonobo lighting a fire and cooking a meal. The Daily Telegraph. December 30, 2011. 
  16. ^ Savage-Rumbaugh, Sue; Fields, William M.; Spircu, Tiberu. The emergence of knapping and vocal expression embedded in a Pan/Homo culture (PDF). Biology and Philosophy. 2004, 19 (4): 541–575. doi:10.1007/sbiph-004-0528-0. 
  17. ^ Season 4, Episode 3. Screened 10/30/2000
  18. ^ Prince-Hughes, Dawn. Songs of the Gorilla Nation . Harmony. 1987: 135. ISBN 978-1-4000-5058-1. 
  19. ^ Williams, S.L. Comprehension Skills of Language-Competent and Nonlanguage-Competent Apes.. Language and Communication Journal. 1997, 17 (4): 301–317. doi:10.1016/S0271-5309(97)00012-8. 
  20. ^ Greenspan, S. I., and S. G. Shanjer. 2004. The first idea: How symbols, language and intelligence evolved from our primate ancestors to modern humans. Da Capo Press.
  21. ^ "Chimp matches 2-year-old Cognitive capabilities more like humans' than experts believed." Globe & Mail [Toronto, Canada], April 6, 1991, A11. Opposing Viewpoints in Context (accessed December 1, 2018). http://link.galegroup.com.librarynt.occc.edu/apps/doc/A164263203/OVIC?u=okccc_main&sid=OVIC&xid=ca8f20a0.
  22. ^ Wise, Steven M. "Why Animals Deserve Legal Status." Higher Education, February 2, 2001, B13. Quoted in "Animals Deserve Legal Rights." Animal Rights, edited by Shasta Gaughen. Contemporary Issues Companion. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 2005. Opposing Viewpoints in Context (accessed December 1, 2018). http://link.galegroup.com.librarynt.occc.edu/apps/doc/EJ3010344210/OVIC?u=okccc_main&sid=OVIC&xid=e0a8a0ce.
  23. ^ Neurophilosophy and Alzheimer's Disease，該實驗的相關敘述與圖片. 

Further reading

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  • Joseph, John E., Nigel Love & Talbot J. Taylor (2001). Landmarks in Linguistic Thought II: The Western Tradition in the 20th Century (London & New York: Routledge), chapter 15: "Kanzi on Human Language".
  • de Waal, Frans (2005). Our Inner Ape, ISBN 1-57322-312-3.
  • Raffaele, Paul (2006), "The Smart and Swinging Bonobo", Smithsonian, Volume 37, Number 8 (November 2006—a general article about bonobos).
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