伊朗崇高国
歷史政權
伊朗崇高国（波斯语：دولت علیّه اوران Dowlat-e 'Aliyye-ye Irân）是伊朗卡扎尔王朝统治时期的正式国号[4]，这一时代亦有史称卡扎尔波斯[5]、卡扎尔帝国（波斯语：شاهنشاهی قاجار Šāhanšāhi-ye Qājār），由阿迦·穆罕默德汗沙阿所建立。
伊朗崇高国 دولت علیّه ایران Dowlat-e 'Aliyye-ye Irân | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1789年—1925年 | |||||||||||||||
| 国歌：(1873–1909) 《国王康宁》 سلامتی شاه (1909–1925) 《崇高的波斯王国》 سلامتی دولت علیه ایران | |||||||||||||||
.svg) 19世纪的卡扎尔王朝 | |||||||||||||||
| 地位 | 王朝/主权国家 | ||||||||||||||
| 首都 | 德黑兰 | ||||||||||||||
| 常用语言 | 波斯语 (宫廷文学、行政、文化、官员),[1][2] 突厥语 (宫廷语与母语)[3] | ||||||||||||||
| 政府 | 君主专制 （1789–1906） 君主立宪制 (1906–1925) | ||||||||||||||
| 沙阿、殿下 | |||||||||||||||
• 1789–1797 | 阿迦·穆罕默德·汗 （首任） | ||||||||||||||
• 1909–1925 | 艾哈迈德沙阿 （末任） | ||||||||||||||
| 伊朗首相 | |||||||||||||||
• 1906年 | 米尔扎·纳斯鲁拉汗 (首任) | ||||||||||||||
• 1923年–1925年 | 礼萨·巴列维 (末任) | ||||||||||||||
| 历史 | |||||||||||||||
• 卡扎尔王朝开始 | 1789年 | ||||||||||||||
• 古利斯坦条约 | 1813年 | ||||||||||||||
• 土库曼恰伊条约 | 1828年 | ||||||||||||||
• 波斯立宪革命 | 1906年 | ||||||||||||||
• 巴列维王朝开始 | 1925年 | ||||||||||||||
| 货币 | 土曼 | ||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| 今属于 | |||||||||||||||
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历史
编辑卡扎尔王朝来自一支名为卡扎尔的突厥部落[6][7][8][9][10]。1794年，突厥人的卡札尔族支控制伊朗全境政局，废黜桑德王朝末代沙阿卢图夫·阿里汗，并重新确立了伊朗对高加索大部分地区的主权。1796年，阿迦·穆罕默德·汗·卡扎尔攻占马什哈德[11]，正式结束了阿夫沙尔王朝，随后加冕为沙阿[12]。
19世纪，波斯遭遇俄国侵略，将大片高加索地区的领土割让予俄国[13]，包括今日的格鲁吉亚东部、达吉斯坦、阿塞拜疆和亚美尼亚[14]。然而波斯的王权统治仍然在卡扎尔王朝时期得到重振[15]，面对英国和俄国的压力而维持政治独立，惟外籍顾问在宫廷和军队中掌握较大权力。波斯亦成为英俄大博弈的一部分，两国还借由《英俄条约》划定了在波斯的势力范围[16][17][18]。
20世纪初，波斯各界不满卡扎尔王朝君主专制，而掀起波斯立宪革命，建立立宪议会。穆罕默德·阿里沙阿遭罢黜，而即位的艾哈迈德沙阿未能捍卫新生的立宪政治，在俄国干涉下叫停部分改革，其王权更是在第一次世界大战波斯战役期间一落千丈，这时波斯沦为英军、俄军和土军的角力场。最终，军人礼萨·巴列维发动政变推翻卡扎尔王室，开启巴列维王朝及波斯王国的统治。
历代沙阿
编辑参考文献
编辑- ^ Homa Katouzian, "State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis", Published by I.B.Tauris, 2006. pg 327: "In post-Islamic times, the mother-tongue of Iran's rulers was often Turkic, but Persian was almost invariably the cultural and administrative language"
- ^ Homa Katouzian, "Iranian history and politics", Published by Routledge, 2003. pg 128: "Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time. At the same time, the official language was Persian, the court literature was in Persian, and most of the chancellors, ministers, and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability"
- ^ Iranica Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）: "Turkic was also the mother tongue and, to an extent, the court language of the subsequent Afsharid and Qajar dynasties"
- ^ Abbas Amanat, The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896, I. B. Tauris, pp 2–3
- ^ Early Qajar Persia appeared to .... [2022-11-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-26）.
- ^ Abbas Amanat, The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896, I. B. Tauris, pp 2–3; "In the 126 years between the fall of the Safavid state in 1722 and the accession of Nasir al-Din Shah, the Qajars evolved from a shepherd-warrior tribe with strongholds in northern Iran into a Persian dynasty."
- ^ Choueiri, Youssef M., A companion to the history of the Middle East, (Blackwell Ltd., 2005), 231,516.
- ^ Cyrus Ghani. Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power, I. B. Tauris, 2000, ISBN 1-86064-629-8, p. 1
- ^ William Bayne Fisher. Cambridge History of Iran, Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 344, ISBN 0-521-20094-6
- ^ Dr Parviz Kambin, A History of the Iranian Plateau: Rise and Fall of an Empire, Universe, 2011, p.36, online edition （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
- ^ H. Scheel; Jaschke, Gerhard; H. Braun; Spuler, Bertold; T. Koszinowski; Bagley, Frank. Muslim World. Brill Archive. 1981: 65, 370 [2012-09-28]. ISBN 978-90-04-06196-5.
- ^ Michael Axworthy. Iran: Empire of the Mind: A History from Zoroaster to the Present Day （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Penguin UK, 6 November 2008. ISBN 0141903414
- ^ Fisher et al. 1991，第330页.
- ^ Timothy C. Dowling. Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, pp 728-730 ABC-CLIO, 2 December 2014 ISBN 1598849484
- ^ Amanat 2017，第177页.
- ^ Deutschmann, Moritz. "All Rulers are Brothers": Russian Relations with the Iranian Monarchy in the Nineteenth Century. Iranian Studies. 2013, 46 (3): 401–413 [2022-11-19]. ISSN 0021-0862. JSTOR 24482848. S2CID 143785614. doi:10.1080/00210862.2012.759334. （原始内容存档于2022-05-19）.
- ^ Andreeva, Elena. Russia and Iran in the great game : travelogues and Orientalism. London: Routledge. 2007: 20, 63–76 [2022-11-19]. ISBN 978-0-203-96220-6. OCLC 166422396. （原始内容存档于2023-01-24）.
- ^ ANGLO-RUSSIAN CONVENTION OF 1907. Encyclopedia Iranica. [2021-08-22]. （原始内容存档于2011-04-29） （美国英语）.
书目
编辑- Atabaki, Touraj. Iran and the First World War: Battleground of the Great Powers. I.B.Tauris. 2006. ISBN 978-1860649646.
- Amanat, Abbas. Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896. I.B.Tauris. 1997. ISBN 9781860640971.
- Amanat, Abbas. Iran: A Modern History. Yale University Press. 2017: 1–992. ISBN 978-0300112542.
- Bournoutian, George A. The Population of Persian Armenia Prior to and Immediately Following its Annexation to the Russian Empire: 1826–1832. The Wilson Center, Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies. 1980.
- Bosworth, Edmund. Hillenbrand, Carole , 编. Qajar Iran: Political, Social, and Cultural Change, 1800–1925. Edinburgh University Press. 1983. ISBN 978-085-224-459-3.
- Bournoutian, George A. A Concise History of the Armenian People: (from Ancient Times to the Present) 2. Mazda Publishers. 2002. ISBN 978-1568591414.
- Caton, M. BANĀN, ḠOLĀM-ḤOSAYN. Encyclopædia Iranica. 1988 [2022-11-19]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-08）.
- Dowling, Timothy C. Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. 2014. ISBN 978-1598849486.
- Fisher, William Bayne; Avery, P.; Hambly, G. R. G; Melville, C. The Cambridge History of Iran 7. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1991 [2022-11-19]. ISBN 978-0521200950. （原始内容存档于2023-01-13）.
- Floor, Willem M. Traditional Crafts in Qajar Iran (1800–1925). Mazda Publishers. 2003. ISBN 978-156-859-147-6.
- Gleave, Robert (编). Religion and Society in Qajar Iran. Routledge. 2005. ISBN 978-041-533-814-1.
- Hitchins, Keith. EREKLE II – Encyclopædia Iranica. Encyclopædia Iranica. VIII, Fasc. 5: 541–542. 1998 [2022-11-19]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-17）.
- Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard. The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1977. ISBN 978-0521291361.
- Keddie, Nikki R. Qajar Iran and the rise of Reza Khan, 1796–1925. Mazda Publishers. 1999. ISBN 978-156-859-084-4.
- Kettenhofen, Erich; Bournoutian, George A.; Hewsen, Robert H. EREVAN. Encyclopǣdia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 5: 542–551. 1998.
- Kohn, George C. Dictionary of Wars. Infobase Publishing. 2006. ISBN 978-1438129167.
- Mikaberidze, Alexander. Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia 1. ABC-CLIO. 2011. ISBN 978-1598843361.
- Mikaberidze, Alexander. Historical Dictionary of Georgia 2. Rowman & Littlefield. 2015. ISBN 978-1442241466.
- Gvosdev, Nikolas K.: Imperial policies and perspectives towards Georgia: 1760–1819, Macmillan, Basingstoke 2000, ISBN 0-312-22990-9
- Lang, David M.: The last years of the Georgian Monarchy: 1658–1832, Columbia University Press, New York 1957
- Paidar, Parvin. Women and the Political Process in Twentieth-Century Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1997. ISBN 9780521595728.
- Perry, John. The Zand dynasty. The Cambridge History of Iran Volume=7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1991: 63–104. ISBN 9780521200950.
- Suny, Ronald Grigor. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. 1994. ISBN 978-0253209153.
外部链接
编辑
- The Qajar (Kadjar) Pages
- The International Qajar Studies Association
- Dar ol-Qajar
- Qajar Family Website （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Some Photos of Qajar Family Members
- Women's Worlds in Qajar Iran （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Digital Archive by Harvard University
- Qajar Documentation Fund Collection at the International Institute of Social History