维基百科

巴勒斯坦地名的希伯来化

在英属巴勒斯坦的不同时间，该地区有不少地名都使用希伯来语来命名。在1948年，经过巴勒斯坦人大逃亡和阿以战争之后，以色列建国。随后，以色列在1967年的六日战争期间占领了巴勒斯坦领土[2] 。1992年的一项研究计算，共有约 2780 名被希伯来化的历史古迹名字，包括：340个村镇、1千多个遗址、560条河流、380个泉水、198座山丘、50个洞穴、28座城堡和宫殿、以及14个水池和湖泊[3]。巴勒斯坦人普遍认为，巴勒斯坦地名的希伯来化是巴勒斯坦大灾难（英语：Nakba）的一部分[4]。

1948年 1:20,000巴勒斯坦勘测（英语：Survey of Palestine）的地图索引，其中有一些地名被现名覆盖
梅沃多坦（英语：Mevo Dotan）和阿富拉的街道标志。阿富拉是一座巴勒斯坦城镇，在1920年代出售了给美国锡安联邦（英语：American Zion Commonwealth）；希伯来语的名称遵循阿拉伯语，意思都是“豆子”。 [1]

巴勒斯坦的不少地名，都是古代希伯来语或迦南语言（英语：Canaanite languages）的阿拉伯化形式，而许多本来的名字都能在希伯来圣经和塔木德中找到[5][6]。这些名字大多已经流传了几千年，但名字背后的含义不少都已经失传。在古典时期和古代晚期期间，该地区的地区逐渐演变成亚拉姆语和古希腊语[7] [8]，也就是伊斯兰教出现之前主要使用的两种语言[8] [9]。穆斯林征服黎凡特以后，该地区的名称开始被阿拉伯化。

以色列政府鼓励地名的希伯来化，为了增强在阿利亚运动到以色列的犹太人新移民对该地方提供联系[10]。因此，不少希伯来圣经或塔木德的地名都被恢复[11]，而且不少本身只有阿拉伯名字而没有希伯来名字的地方，都有了新的希伯来地名[12] 。但是也有一些情况，在现代希伯来语的名字，保留了原本的巴勒斯坦阿拉伯语名字。例如，现时的 “Banias” ，在古典希伯来语中该作“Paneas”[13]。在国营的政府机构的路标和地图里，常常会并列希伯来和阿拉伯的名字，例如“Nablus / Shechem”和“Silwan / Shiloach”等[14]。

在以色列某些地区，特别是犹太人-巴勒斯坦人混居的地方，有些街道的名字恢复了希伯来化以前的阿拉伯名字[15] [16]。

早期历史 编辑

 
巴勒斯坦的圣经研究（英语：Biblical Researches in Palestine）
 
西巴勒斯坦调查（英语：PEF Survey of Palestine）
在19世纪期间，巴勒斯坦的阿拉伯地名对分辨古时的地方很有帮助。这两个是在这时期中最有名的列表。[17]

巴勒斯坦探索基金会（英语：Palestine Exploration Fund）的克劳德·康德（英语：Claude Reignier Conder）很早就知道，分析当今的阿拉伯地名，对分辨更古老的希伯来语名称非常重要。康德没有消除他《西巴勒斯坦调查（英语：PEF Survey of Palestine）》地图中的阿拉伯地名，倒是完整地保留了它们的名称[18]。在他的回忆录中，他注意到希伯来语和阿拉伯语的地名传统，通常都是一致的：

圣经中提到的旧城镇和村庄的名称大部分几乎没有改变... 事实上，由于每个名字都使用阿拉伯字母来仔细记录，所以可以使用科学和学术的方式，来与希伯来语进行比较... 当希伯来语和阿拉伯语的地名，被证明包含相同的部首、喉音、和含义时，我们就有了真正可靠的比较... 我们现在已经恢复了圣经地名中的超过四分之三，也因此可以自信地说，圣经的地形图是真实的、也同时是熟悉该国的希伯来人所创作的作品[19]。

现代过程的早年 编辑

现代的希伯来化，由1880年代的首潮阿利亚运动之后开始[20]。1920年代，HeHalutz（英语：HeHalutz） 的青年运动开始了为在英属巴勒斯坦的新建定居点，设置希伯来化的计划[21]。 然而，这些希伯来名称仅适用于犹太国家基金会 (JNF) 购买的土地，因为它们对以外的其他地名没有影响力。

该时候，那里的方向路标经常只用阿拉伯语和英文的音译，而没有相应的希伯来语书写。该地区犹太社区，在大卫·耶林（英语：David Yellin）等著名锡安主义者的领导下，曾经试图影响皇家地理学会（RGS）的地名常设委员会[20]，以使命名会考虑希伯来语的名字[22]。

尽管如此，现今位于该地区的主要地名，阿拉伯与希伯来的名字两个都受使用，例如耶路撒冷（Jerusalem / Al Quds / Yerushalayim）和希伯仑（Hebron / Al Khalil / Hevron）[23]。但同时，也有一些比较鲜为人知的古代犹太遗址，保留了阿拉伯名字，包括：Jish / Gush Halav、Beisan / Beit She'an、Shefar-amr / Shefar'am、Kafr'Inan / Kefar Hananiah、Bayt Jibrin / Beit Gubrin 等等[24][25]。

其中反对为古希伯来地名添加额外拼写的主要因素之一，是担心会为邮政服务造成混乱，因为不少的名字已经被长期使用而习惯了。因此，英国官员寻求确保地名的统一形式，确保地图上的名称会保持一致[26]。

尽管 RGS 名称委员会试图反对，但依舒夫成员坚持将希伯来语名称应用于古老的阿拉伯名称。不同的历史地理学家，无论是犹太人还是非犹太人[22]，都相信：这个决定的动机之一，是源于觉得阿拉伯地名仅仅是旧希伯来语名称的“讹误”[27]，例如 Khirbet Shifat = Yodfat；Khirbet Tibneh = Timnah[28] [29]；Lifta = Nephtoah[30]；Jabal al-Fureidis = Herodis 等。

在某些时候，为一个地方“恢复希伯来语的名称”的历史过程中，又错又混乱。例如，在为阿拉伯村 Iraq al-Manshiyya 改名初期，该镇被命名为 Tel Gath，因为是根据圣经学家威廉·奥尔布赖特（英语：William F. Albright），把该镇与圣经中的迦特（Gath）连上关系。但当后来发现这地名不当时，改了名为 Tel Erani ，但又被发现同样是误名，到之后才再改为现时的迦特镇 ( Kiryat Gat ) 。

根据维珍尼亚·提莉（英语：Virginia Tilley）教授的说法，“不同在科学、语言、文学、历史、和圣经权威中的机构的发明，是为了培养犹太人对犹太家园的归属感和自然权利的印象。而这些印象，是从犹太人对这片几千年来，被不同民族控制的土地上，拥有的特殊权利而复制出来的”[31]。

早在1920年，英国政府已经在巴勒斯坦成立了希伯来语的小组委员会，为了就地名英文抄本向政府提供建议，并确定官方使用的希伯来语地名形式[32]。

犹太国家基金命名委员会 编辑

1925 年，犹太国家基金会 (JNF) 成立了定居点命名委员会，旨在为 JNF 购买的土地上，建立的新犹太人定居点命名[33]， 并由 JNF 领导人梅纳赫姆·乌斯西什金（英语：Menachem Ussishkin）直接领导[34]。 犹太全国委员会（英语：Jewish National Council） (JNC) 则于1931年底举行谈判，向英属巴勒斯坦政府提出建议，对英国驻巴勒斯坦的殖民办公室出版的一本译名书进行修改。该书概述了阿拉伯语、希伯来语、与英语之间的地名翻译，以确保英方使用统一的标准。JNC 许多的提案后来得到实施，从1949年地名委员会开始，到1951年，耶沙亚胡·普雷斯（英语：Yeshayahu Press）（ JNC成员之一）成立了政府命名委员会（英语：Government Naming Committee）[35]。

以色列政治学家梅龙·本韦尼斯提（英语：Meron Benvenisti）写道，阿拉伯地名让新的犹太社区感到不安。1941年4月，泽武伦地区委员会（英语：Zevulun Regional Council）会写了信给 JNF 总部[36]：

以下这些名字都展现在他们的荣耀中：卡巴萨、谢赫·沙马利、阿布·苏苏克、布斯坦·沙马利——所有这些名字 JNF 都没有兴趣在 泽武伦山谷（英语：Zvulun Valley）永垂不朽... 我们建议您向泽武伦山谷及其附近的 JNF 土地上的所有定居点发送一封通函，警告他们不要继续上述的做法（即使用旧地图），因为这从各个角度来看都是危险的。

从1925到1948年间，犹太国家基金会的命名委员会为巴勒斯坦的215个犹太社区命名[20]。 尽管改了地名，但旧的地图上仍保留了它们的旧地名的记录[37]。

阿拉伯语的语言优势 编辑

到1931年，英方的不同官方机构列出的地名，包括在邮局、火车站、与电话簿等，都删除了不少希伯来语的地名，包括 "Shechem"（Nablus）、"Nazareth" 和 "Nahal Sorek"（Wadi es-Sarar）。这事引起了犹太全国委员会（英语：Jewish National Council）的关注，认为英属巴勒斯坦政府对其犹太公民有偏见[38]。Nahal Sorek 是在从耶路撒冷乘火车到哈尔图夫（英语：Hartuv）期间的主要路线和通道。

内盖夫地名指定委员会 编辑

在1949年末，第一次中东战争结束后，以色列的新政府成立了内盖夫地区的地名指定委员会。该委员会由9名学者组成，而他们的任务就是为该地区的城镇、山脉、山谷、泉水、道路等分配希伯来名字[39]。 以色列总理大卫·本-古里安在同年较早已决定了该地区重新命名的重要性，并曾在7月份的日记中写道：“我们必须给这些地方起希伯来语的名字——如果有的话，就用古名字；如果没有的话，就用新的！”[40]。他随后在给委员会主席的一封信中，确定了该委员会的目标[39]：

出于国家原因，我们有义务删除阿拉伯名字。正如我们不承认阿拉伯人对这片土地的政治拥有权一样，我们也不承认他们的精神拥有权和名字。

在内盖夫，委员会决定的 533 个新名字之中，有 333 个是由阿拉伯名字而来的音译或其他发音相似的名字。 本韦尼斯提（英语：Meron Benvenisti）表示，委员会的一些成员曾反对消除阿拉伯地名，但在许多情况下，他们由出于政治和民族主义的考虑而被否决[41]。

政府命名委员会 编辑

1951年3月，犹太国家基金委员会和内盖夫委员会合并，创建了政府命名委员会（英语：Government Naming Committee），以覆盖以色列全境。该委员会表示：“我国地名的犹太化是一个至关重要的问题”。1960年2月，以色列测量局局长约瑟夫·埃尔斯特写道：“我们已经确定，用希伯来语名称替换阿拉伯名称的工作尚未完成。委员会必须迅速填补缺失的内容，尤其是废墟的名称”[42]。1951年4月，伊扎克·本-兹维和便雅悯·马扎尔（英语：Benjamin Mazar）博士被任命为委员会的成员[43]。

1920年至1990期间，不同委员会为该国大约7000多个使用了自然元素来改名，其中5000多个是地理地名，数百个是历史遗址的名称，而1000多个是新定居点的名称。 地理学家泽夫·维勒内（英语：Zev Vilnay）指出，自19世纪以来，不少圣经单词、表达方式、和短语，为现代的以色列提供了许多城乡定居点和社区的名称[44]。

虽然许多较新的犹太定居点名称，已经取代了较旧的阿拉伯村庄和废墟名称（例如 Khirbet Jurfah → Roglit [45][46]；Allar → Mata；al-Tira → Kfar Halutzim → Bareket 等），但本韦尼斯提（英语：Meron Benvenisti）也表明这些历史悠久的地名并没有完全消失[47]：

1980年代期间，在 584 条阿拉伯村庄中，大约有四分之一的村名有古代来源——圣经、古希腊语或阿拉姆语。

如今，如果新定居点的名称不能以某种方式与邻近地区或地区联系起来，以色列政府命名委员会不鼓励为新定居点命名。尽管如此，它仍然是唯一授权的名称仲裁者，无论该名称是否与该网站有历史联系[48]。

现今趋势 编辑

到2010年代，开始恢复原始阿拉伯语的街道名称的趋势，很多是位于以色列的犹太-阿拉伯混合地区，自1948年起已被希伯来化[15][16]。

参考来源 编辑

  1. ^ Masalha, Nur. Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History. Zed Books. 15 August 2018. ISBN 978-1-78699-275-8. APPROPRIATION, HYBRIDISATION AND INDIGENISATION: THE APPROPRIATION OF PALESTINE PLACE NAMES BY EUROPEAN ZIONIST SETTLERS. From Palestinian Fuleh to Jewish Afula. The etymology of the Zionist settler toponym Afula is derived from the name of the Palestinian Arab village al‐Fuleh, which in 1226 Arab geographer Yaqut al‐Hamawi mentioned as being a town in the province of Jund Filastin. The Arabic toponym al‐Fuleh is derived from the word ful, for fava beans, which are among the oldest food plant in the Middle East and were widely cultivated by local Palestinians in Marj Ibn 'Amer [Jerzeel Valley]. 
  2. ^ Kadman, Noga. Naming Jewish Communities on or Near the Sites of Depopulated Villages. Naming and Mapping the Depopulated Village Sites. Indiana University Press. 2015-09-07: 91– [2023-11-24]. ISBN 978-0-253-01682-9. （原始内容存档于2023-08-17）. 
  3. ^ Study by Palestinian geographer {{link-ar|舒克里·阿拉夫|شكري عراف]] (1992), "The Palestinian locations between two eras/maps" (Arabic). Kufur Qari’: Matba’at, Al-Shuruq Al-Arabiya; quoted in Amara 2017
  4. ^ Sa'di, Ahmad H. Catastrophe, Memory and Identity: Al-Nakbah as a Component of Palestinian Identity. Israel Studies. 2002, 7 (2): 175–198 [2023-11-24]. JSTOR 30245590. S2CID 144811289. doi:10.2979/ISR.2002.7.2.175. （原始内容存档于2023-01-18）. Al-Nakbah is associated with a rapid de-Arabization of the country. This process has included the destruction of Palestinian villages. About 418 villages were erased, and out of twelve Palestinian or mixed towns, a Palestinian population continued to exist in only seven. This swift transformation of the physical and cultural environment was accompanied, at the symbolic level, by the changing of the names of streets, neighborhoods, cities, and regions. Arabic names were replaced by Zionist, Jewish, or European names. This renaming continues to convey to the Palestinians the message that the country has seen only two historical periods which attest to its "true" nature: the ancient Jewish past, and the period that began with the creation of Israel. 
  5. ^ Conder, C. R. Palmer, E. H. , 编. Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. 1881: iv-v. To determine the exact meaning of Arabic topographical names is by no means easy. Some are descriptive of physical features, but even these are often either obsolete or distorted words. Others are derived from long since forgotten incidents, or owners whose memory has passed away. Others again are survivals of older Nabathean, Hebrew, Canaanite, and other names, either quite meaningless in Arabic, or having an Arabic form in which the original sound is perhaps more or less preserved, but the sense entirely lost. Occasionally Hebrew, especially Biblical and Talmudic names, remain scarcely altered. 
  6. ^ Rainey, 1978, p.230: “What surprised western scholars and explorers the most was the amazing degree to which biblical names were still preserved in the Arabic toponymy of Palestine”
  7. ^ Mila Neishtadt. 'The Lexical Substrate of Aramaic in Palestinian Arabic,' in Aaron Butts (ed.) Semitic Languages in Contact, BRILL 2015 pp.281-282:'As in other cases of language shift, the supplanting language (Arabic) was not left untouched by the supplanted language (Aramaic) and the existence of an Aramaic substrate in Syro-Palestinian colloquial Arabic has been widely accepted. The influence of the Aramaic substrate is especially evidence in many Palestinian place names, and in the vocabularies of traditional life and industrials: agriculture, flora, fauna, food, tools, utensils etc.'
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Rainey, 1978, p.231: “In the majority of cases, a Greek or Latin name assigned by Hellenistic or Roman authorities enjoyed an existence only in official and literary circles while the Semitic- speaking populace continued to use the Hebrew or Aramaic original. The latter comes back into public use with the Arab conquest. The Arabic names Ludd, Beisan, and Saffurieh, representing original Lod, Bet Se’an and Sippori, leave no hint concerning their imposing Greco-Roman names, viz., Diospolis, Scythopolis, and Diocaesarea, respectively”
  9. ^ Mila Neishtadt. 'The Lexical Substrate of Aramaic in Palestinian Arabic,' in Aaron Butts (ed.) Semitic Languages in Contact, BRILL 2015 pp.281-282:'As in other cases of language shift, the supplanting language (Arabic) was not left untouched by the supplanted language (Aramaic) and the existence of an Aramaic substrate in Syro-Palestinian colloquial Arabic has been widely accepted. The influence of the Aramaic substrate is especially evidence in many Palestinian place names, and in the vocabularies of traditional life and industrials: agriculture, flora, fauna, food, tools, utensils etc.'
  10. ^ Cohen, Saul B.; Kliot, Nurit. Place-Names in Israel's Ideological Struggle over the Administered Territories. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 1992-12-01, 82 (4): 653–680 [2023-11-24]. ISSN 0004-5608. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01722.x. （原始内容存档于2023-04-18）. 
  11. ^ Miller and Hayes, 1986, p. 29.
  12. ^ Swedenburg, 2003, p. 50.
  13. ^ Vilnay, Zev (1954), p. 135 (section 9). Cf. Targum Shir HaShirim 5:4; etc. The reason for the hard-sounding "b" in the Arabic pronunciation of Banias has to do with the fact that, in the Arabic language, there is no hard "p" sound; the "p" being replaced by "b".
  14. ^ Sign welcoming visitors to Siloam (Shiloach), printed both in Hebrew and Arabic with traditional names （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, B'Tselem, 16 September 2014
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Rekhess. The Arab Minority in Israel: Reconsidering the "1948 Paradigm". Israel Studies. 2014, 19 (2): 187–217. JSTOR 10.2979/israelstudies.19.2.187. S2CID 144053751. doi:10.2979/israelstudies.19.2.187. A new trend that has become particularly popular in recent years in mixed Jewish-Arab cities, is attempts to restore original Arabic street names, “Hebraized” after 1948 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Ofer Aderet. A stir over sign language: A recently discovered trove of documents from the 1950s reveals a nasty battle in Jerusalem over the hebraization of street and neighborhood names. This campaign is still raging today.. 国土报. 29 July 2011 [18 December 2011]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-01）. 
  17. ^ Rainey, 1978, p.231
  18. ^ Hopkins, I.W.J. (1968), p. 34. Quote: "Conder collected the current Arabic names for the places on his [P.E.F.] maps, which on the face of it makes them appear to be less useful, compared with Jacotin's [map]. In fact, this makes the P.E.F. map even more useful as evidence of the current Arab place name, and the sheets are not cluttered up with doubtful identifications. The Arabic name is often a corruption of the ancient name and this fact has helped enormously in locating Biblical, Classical and Byzantine sites."
  19. ^ Conder, Major C. R. (n.d.), pp. 218–219
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Fields, Gary. Enclosure: Palestinian Landscapes in a Historical Mirror. Univ of California Press. 5 September 2017: 222. ISBN 978-0-520-29104-1. 
  21. ^ Boaz Neumann. Land and Desire in Early Zionism. UPNE. 2011: 167. ISBN 978-1-58465-968-6. 
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 Maisler et al. 1932，第3-5 (Preface)页.
  23. ^ Adler, Elkan Nathan (2014), pp. 225, et al.
  24. ^ British Colonial Office in Palestine (1931), pp. 1, 13, 37, 52, 54–56, 59, 65. Quote: (p. 2) "The list of geographical names has presented many difficulties. Many place names in Palestine are of Arabic origin while others are of Hebrew, Phoenician, Greek, Latin, or Frankish ancestry –– to mention only the most important sources –– but, as most places are inhabited by Arabic-speaking people, local usage has given them names in Arabicised forms or in colloquial Arabic. To adopt the colloquial forms in transliterating names was not considered consistent with the end in view, and as a general rule an effort has been made to put the names in as literary a garb as possible. In most names of Arabic origin this was comparatively easy; but in some the Arab experts recommended the retention of forms not usually admitted in Arabic grammatical word construction."
  25. ^ Gleichen, Edward, ed. (1925). Quote: (Preface) "The following List of Names in Palestine, having been submitted through H.M. Secretary of State for the Colonies to the High Commissioner, and referred by him for correction to special Arabic and Hebrew subcommittees, is now published by the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official use."
  26. ^ Gleichen, Edward (1920), p. 309
  27. ^ Benvenisti, M. (2000), pp. 47–48. Quote: "The Arab conquerors who colonized the land following the conquest of 638 C.E. settled among its Jewish, Samaritan, and Christian natives. They easily assimilated the Hebrew-Aramaic geographical and topographical names, and, their language being closely related to the Semitic languages spoken there, they made only slight changes in spelling and pronunciation. They had no difficulty finding Arabic forms for names such as Ashkelon –– which they transformed into Asqalan –– Beit Horon to Beit Ghur, Beersheba to Bir Saba'a, and Eilat to Aila."
  28. ^ Clermont-Ganneau (1896), pp. 67–68, 214, where he wrote: (p. 214) "Tibneh, 'chopped straw', one would swear was Arabic, but it is beyond a doubt that it is the name of the town Timnah, brought into that shape by one of those popular etymologies which are as dear to the peasantry of Palestine as to those of our European countries." On pp. 67–68 he wrote: "One has to beware, however, of these appellations that appear to be of purely Arabic origin, they are often ancient Hebrew names converted by a process of popular etymology into words familiar to the Arabs. In many cases slight phonetic changes assist the process. These, by the bye, are not arbitrary, but are subject to real laws. Thus, for instance, the name of the Bible town of Thimnah has become in fellâh speech Tibneh, 'chopped straw'."
  29. ^ Robinson, E. (1860), p. 17. See alao John William McGarvey (1829–1911) who quotes Conder on the linguistic evidence of the name, saying that, in Arabic, "the substitution of B for M is so common (as in Tibneh for Timnah)..." See: McGarvey, 2002, pp. 246-247; cf. Palmer, E.H. (1881), p. 330, s.v. Tibna
  30. ^ Kampffmeyer, Georg (1892), p. 38 (section 15)
  31. ^ Tilley (2005), p. 190
  32. ^ Bitan 1992，第366页.
  33. ^ Ettinger, Y. Determining the Names of the Settlements acquired by the Jewish National Fund. Davar. 25 August 1925 [2023-11-24]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-01） （希伯来语）. 
  34. ^ Benvenisti 2000，第26页.
  35. ^ State of Israel Records, Collection of Publications, no. 277 (PDF), Jerusalem: Government of Israel: 630, 1953 [2023-11-24], （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-04-19） （希伯来语）, The names of the settlements were mostly determined at different times by the 'Names Committee for the Settlements,' under the auspices of the Jewish National Fund (est. 1925), while [other] names were added by the Government Naming Committee. 
  36. ^ Benvenisti 2000，第30页.
  37. ^ A British Mandate map, contained at the National Library of Israel (Eran Laor Cartographic Collection （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Jaffa: Survey of Palestine 1928 – 1947, "Palestine" (Pal 1157)); an Ottoman period map, the Palestine Exploration Fund Map, published by the Israel Antiquities Authority SWP web-site （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, and which is chiefly studied by archaeologists and historical geographers when trying to determine what Arabic place names are representative of ancient Hebrew toponymy. Other online maps include: George A. Smathers Libraries: Survey of Palestine map （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）; The Palestine Exploration Fund Maps （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, published by The Digital Archaeological Atlas of the Holy Land; McMaster University - Digitalised maps of Palestine / Israel （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）; 1944 Map of Palestine （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, published by the National Library of Israel.
  38. ^ Maisler et al. 1932，第6页.
  39. ^ 39.0 39.1 Benvenisti 2000，第12页.
  40. ^ Nur Masalha. The Palestine Nakba: Decolonising History, Narrating the Subaltern, Reclaiming Memory. Zed Books Ltd. 9 August 2012: 72– [2023-11-24]. ISBN 978-1-84813-973-2. （原始内容存档于2023-08-17）. 
  41. ^ Benvenisti 2000，第17页.
  42. ^ Benvenisti 2000，第40页.
  43. ^ State of Israel Records, Collection of Publications, no. 152 (PDF), Jerusalem: Government of Israel: 845, 1951 [2023-11-24], （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-04-19） （希伯来语） 
  44. ^ Vilnay 1983，第Abstract页.
  45. ^ In the Survey of Western Palestine (Arabic and English Name Lists), London 1881, p. 307, E.H. Palmer describes the site Khŭrbet Jurfa as "the ruin of the perpendicular bank (cut out by the torrent in the débris of a valley)."
  46. ^ Avner, Rina. Rogelit. Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel (Israel Antiquities Authority). 2006, 118 [2023-11-24]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-08） （英语）. 
  47. ^ Benvenisti 2000，第49页.
  48. ^ In the case of Kiryat Sefer (now Modi'in), a name rejected by the Committee in 1994 on grounds that the biblical Kiryat Sefer was located elsewhere, or in the case of Neveh Tzuf, which name was rejected by the Committee (HCJ 146/81) for Halamish, on grounds that a "historical name is not to be copied elsewhere," these names were decided strictly by the Committee, based on Government Statute No. 258 of March 8, 1951, in which it gave to the Government Naming Committee the sole responsibility for the naming of settlements. This decision states that the aforesaid Committee will act in the Prime Minister's Office and that its decisions will be binding upon state institutions: "The committee is the only competent body for determining names for various localities and sites, including intersections, interchanges, tourist sites, nature and landscape, industrial and employment sites and the like in the State of Israel." The Committee's decisions are made in its plenary and published in "Records".

 

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