甜菜头

甜菜头
Beetroot
甜菜头; Beetroot
	甜菜头
种	甜菜
亚种	Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris
栽培群（英语：Cultivar group）	'Conditiva' group
起源	海甜菜（英语：Sea beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima)）

甜菜头（beetroot）也称为红菜头或甜菜根，是植物甜菜的轴根（英语：taproot）^[1]。是甜菜的栽培品种之一，种植的目的是为了其可食用的轴根以及叶子。在生物分类学上的名称为B. vulgaris subsp. vulgaris Conditiva Group（英语：Cultivar group）^[2]。

甜菜头除了作食物以外，也作为食用色素以及药用植物。大部分甜菜制品是从其他的甜菜品种（例如糖用甜菜）制成。

营养

生甜菜头中有88%的水、10%的糖类、2%的蛋白质、脂肪小于1%。100-克（3¹⁄₂-盎司）的甜菜头可以提供180千焦耳（43千卡）的食物热量。生甜菜头含有丰富的叶酸（参考每日摄入量的27%），锰含量则有参考每日摄入量的16%^[3]。

健康影响

有临床试验回顾指出摄取甜菜汁可以降低收缩压，但不能降低舒张压^[4]。

安全性

甜菜头里的红色物质甜菜苷（英语：betanin）无法被人体分解，若食用的量较多，可能暂时会让粪便或是尿液出现红色，此一症状的尿液称为甜菜尿（英语：beeturia）^[5]。

粪便或是尿液的红色虽然无害，但其视觉和粪便中有血（英语：Blood in stool）、便血（血液从肛门流出）或是血尿类似，会造成疑虑^[6]。

甜菜头汁里会生成亚硝胺，这可以靠加入维生素C有效改善^[7]。

图片

甜菜头的截面
黄色的甜菜头

参考资料

^ "beet". def. 1 and 2. also "beet-root". Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) © Oxford University Press 2009
^ Sorting Beta names. Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database. The University of Melbourne. [2013-04-15]. （原始内容存档于2013-04-15）.
^ Nutrient data for beetroot, raw per 100 g. United States Department of Agriculture, National Nutrient Database, release SR-28. 2016 [20 March 2017]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-23）.
^ Siervo, M; Lara, J; Ogbonmwan, I; Mathers, JC. Inorganic Nitrate and Beetroot Juice Supplementation Reduces Blood Pressure in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Nutrition. 2013, 143 (6): 818–26. PMID 23596162. doi:10.3945/jn.112.170233  .
^ Frank, T; Stintzing, F. C.; Carle, R; et al. Urinary pharmacokinetics of betalains following consumption of red beet juice in healthy humans. Pharmacological Research. 2005, 52 (4): 290–7. PMID 15964200. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2005.04.005.
^ Urine color. Mayo Clinic, Patient Care and Health Information, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. 2016 [27 December 2016]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-14）.
^ Kolb E, Haug M, Janzowski C, et al. Potential nitrosamine formation and its prevention during biological denitrification of red beet juice. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 1997, 35 (2): 219–24. PMID 9146735. doi:10.1016/s0278-6915(96)00099-3.

[1] "beet". def. 1 and 2. also "beet-root". Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) © Oxford University Press 2009

[MMPND-2] Sorting Beta names. Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database. The University of Melbourne. [2013-04-15]. （原始内容存档于2013-04-15）.

[3] Nutrient data for beetroot, raw per 100 g. United States Department of Agriculture, National Nutrient Database, release SR-28. 2016 [20 March 2017]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-23）.

[4] Siervo, M; Lara, J; Ogbonmwan, I; Mathers, JC. Inorganic Nitrate and Beetroot Juice Supplementation Reduces Blood Pressure in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Nutrition. 2013, 143 (6): 818–26. PMID 23596162. doi:10.3945/jn.112.170233  .

[5] Frank, T; Stintzing, F. C.; Carle, R; et al. Urinary pharmacokinetics of betalains following consumption of red beet juice in healthy humans. Pharmacological Research. 2005, 52 (4): 290–7. PMID 15964200. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2005.04.005.

[6] Urine color. Mayo Clinic, Patient Care and Health Information, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. 2016 [27 December 2016]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-14）.

[pmid9146735-7] Kolb E, Haug M, Janzowski C, et al. Potential nitrosamine formation and its prevention during biological denitrification of red beet juice. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 1997, 35 (2): 219–24. PMID 9146735. doi:10.1016/s0278-6915(96)00099-3.

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