膜虾目
膜虾目(学名:Hymenocarina)为节肢动物门下一个已灭绝的演化支,生存于寒武纪。它们的共同特征为双瓣的外壳及突出外壳的尾部,但除此之外它们具有十分多样化的外型,并占据了不同的生态位,包含滤食性动物以及掠食者等。近年来的研究基于部分膜虾目物种具有大颚的结构,认为它们属于有颚类的基群或是冠群。
膜虾目 化石时期:
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瓦普塔虾 | |
加拿大盾虫化石 | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
演化支: | 有颚类 Mandibulata |
目: | †膜虾目 Hymenocarina Størmer, 1944 |
属 | |
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异名 | |
Canadaspidida Novozhilov in Orlov, 1960 |
分类学
编辑膜虾目主要有以下共同特征:覆盖头胸部区域的双瓣甲壳、头胸部具有多节的触须及大颚、口器后方的附肢上多带有刺、末端带爪的内肢、触须与大颚之间不具有附肢、一对复眼之间具有突出的骨片和叶片状突起、后部体段(腹部)具有明显的环状分节,末端具有一对发展完善的尾支[2][1]。
由于它们头部具有较少的分节及附肢数量,于2010年代早期时认为膜虾目属于真节肢动物的干群[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]。然而,在2010年代末发现了它们具有大颚后,膜虾目被认为应属于有颚类[2][1][11][12]。自此之后,大部分的支序演化学分析普遍认为,膜虾目属于有颚足类的干群[2][13][1][14][15][16][17][18],但也有一些研究将膜虾目置于较接近冠群的位置,例如干泛甲壳动物[1][19][20][18]、干多足类[1]、干六足亚门[16]或是位于这些演化支之间的位置[21] 。
膜虾目下目前有数个已被承认的科,包括吐卓虫科、瓦普塔虾科[1]以及原虾科[2],但除此之外其他物种之间的关系则仍然十分模糊,目前尚不清楚膜虾目是单系群亦或是并系群[22][23]。
然而,生存于寒武纪的双瓣壳节肢动物则确认属于并系群,诸如等刺虫目、高肌虫目和磷足类等,被认为与膜虾目仅为远亲关系[17][24][25][26]。另外,外形与瓦普塔虾属十分类似的川滇虫属,长期以来一直认为与瓦普塔虾为近亲[1][21],但是于2022年发表的研究表明,由于川滇虫缺乏膜虾目的共同特征-大颚,因此不属于膜虾目,而是属于仍然地位未定的真节肢动物[24]。
多样性
编辑-
瓦普塔虾属复原图
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加拿大盾虫属复原图
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胸针虾属体长仅有2公分,以腹侧朝上的姿势游泳
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体型巨大的巴哈姆特虾属其身体分节可超过100节
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和其他膜虾目物种不同,二街虾属的眼睛直接长于甲壳上
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伪窄鳞鱼虫属的甲壳上具有明显的翼状突起
膜虾目具有十分多样化的外型,有些物种如瓦普塔虾属外表与现存的虾类似[1],其他物种如奥代雷虫属则具有巨大的外壳及分作三叉的尾部[27]。另外,膜虾目的附肢于不同物种之间也有不同形式的特化,如瓦普塔虾属的附肢就呈羽鳃状[1]、都昆虫属则具有粗壮的螯肢[2]。此外,膜虾目物种之间的体型差异也很大,如胸针虾属的体长仅有2 cm(0.79英寸)[28],体型最大的巴哈姆特虾属体长则可达24.5 cm(9.6英寸)[23]。最后,膜虾目占据了许多不同的生态位,包括食腐动物、掠食者、底栖摄食者、以及滤食性动物[23]。
参考文献
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