膜蝦目
膜蝦目(學名:Hymenocarina)為節肢動物門下一個已滅絕的演化支,生存於寒武紀。牠們的共同特徵為雙瓣的外殼及突出外殼的尾部,但除此之外牠們具有十分多樣化的外型,並佔據了不同的生態位,包含濾食性動物以及掠食者等。近年來的研究基於部分膜蝦目物種具有大顎的結構,認為牠們屬於有顎類的基群或是冠群。
膜蝦目 化石時期:
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瓦普塔蝦 | |
加拿大盾蟲化石 | |
科學分類 | |
界: | 動物界 Animalia |
門: | 節肢動物門 Arthropoda |
演化支: | 有顎類 Mandibulata |
目: | †膜蝦目 Hymenocarina Størmer, 1944 |
屬 | |
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異名 | |
Canadaspidida Novozhilov in Orlov, 1960 |
分類學
編輯膜蝦目主要有以下共同特徵:覆蓋頭胸部區域的雙瓣甲殼、頭胸部具有多節的觸鬚及大顎、口器後方的附肢上多帶有刺、末端帶爪的內肢、觸鬚與大顎之間不具有附肢、一對複眼之間具有突出的骨片和葉片狀突起、後部體段(腹部)具有明顯的環狀分節,末端具有一對發展完善的尾支[2][1]。
由於牠們頭部具有較少的分節及附肢數量,於2010年代早期時認為膜蝦目屬於真節肢動物的幹群[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]。然而,在2010年代末發現了牠們具有大顎後,膜蝦目被認為應屬於有顎類[2][1][11][12]。自此之後,大部分的支序演化學分析普遍認為,膜蝦目屬於有顎足類的幹群[2][13][1][14][15][16][17][18],但也有一些研究將膜蝦目置於較接近冠群的位置,例如幹泛甲殼動物[1][19][20][18]、幹多足類[1]、幹六足亞門[16]或是位於這些演化支之間的位置[21] 。
膜蝦目下目前有數個已被承認的科,包括吐卓蟲科、瓦普塔蝦科[1]以及原蝦科[2],但除此之外其他物種之間的關係則仍然十分模糊,目前尚不清楚膜蝦目是單系群亦或是並系群[22][23]。
然而,生存於寒武紀的雙瓣殼節肢動物則確認屬於並系群,諸如等刺蟲目、高肌蟲目和磷足類等,被認為與膜蝦目僅為遠親關係[17][24][25][26]。另外,外形與瓦普塔蝦屬十分類似的川滇蟲屬,長期以來一直認為與瓦普塔蝦為近親[1][21],但是於2022年發表的研究表明,由於川滇蟲缺乏膜蝦目的共同特徵-大顎,因此不屬於膜蝦目,而是屬於仍然地位未定的真節肢動物[24]。
多樣性
編輯-
瓦普塔蝦屬復原圖
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加拿大盾蟲屬復原圖
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胸針蝦屬體長僅有2公分,以腹側朝上的姿勢游泳
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體型巨大的巴哈姆特蝦屬其身體分節可超過100節
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和其他膜蝦目物種不同,二街蝦屬的眼睛直接長於甲殼上
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偽窄鱗魚蟲屬的甲殼上具有明顯的翼狀突起
膜蝦目具有十分多樣化的外型,有些物種如瓦普塔蝦屬外表與現存的蝦類似[1],其他物種如奧代雷蟲屬則具有巨大的外殼及分作三叉的尾部[27]。另外,膜蝦目的附肢於不同物種之間也有不同形式的特化,如瓦普塔蝦屬的附肢就呈羽鰓狀[1]、都昆蟲屬則具有粗壯的螯肢[2]。此外,膜蝦目物種之間的體型差異也很大,如胸針蝦屬的體長僅有2 cm(0.79英寸)[28],體型最大的巴哈姆特蝦屬體長則可達24.5 cm(9.6英寸)[23]。最後,膜蝦目佔據了許多不同的生態位,包括食腐動物、掠食者、底棲攝食者、以及濾食性動物[23]。
參考文獻
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