绝迹语言
不再有人以之作為母語的語言
(重定向自语言灭绝)
此条目可参照英语维基百科相应条目来扩充。 |
绝迹语言(英语:Extinct language),又称死语言、灭绝语言、灭亡语言、死语,指一种已经不再有人以之作为母语的语言。
根据估计,每两星期就有一种人类的语言灭亡,变成绝迹语言。[1]
但在一些特殊情况中,某些国家需借助之前已灭亡国家的名义来保持自己的势力及合法性,此时与该灭亡国家有关的绝迹语言就得以持续被使用在科学、律法、宗教等各种方面,从而保存下来,并继续以非母语的方式使用。
拉丁语与古希腊语被用来造科学方面的新词,而其他如古教会斯拉夫语、阿维斯陀语、科普特语及吉兹语等则仍然用于宗教或文学作品中。
其他有些组织则会为了特定情境、文化的气氛营造,而偶尔使用这些绝迹语言,例如美国童军就会在他们一个童军仪式“圣箭盟”里使用一种北美印地安人的绝迹语言伦尼莱纳佩语。[2][3][4]
示例
编辑语言:最后母语者、时间
列表
编辑参见
编辑来源
编辑- ^ Thomas H. Maugh II. Researchers say a language disappears every two weeks. Los Angeles Times. 2007-09-19 [2018-06-06]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-25).
- ^ Charles Kader. Boy Scouts Playing Indians. Indian Country Today. 2015-08-26 [2018-06-06]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-06).
- ^ The Vigil Honor. Cowikee Lodge. [2018-06-06]. 原始内容存档于2009-03-06.
- ^ Bill Spencer. Is the Boy Scouts’ Order of the Arrow appropriating Native American culture?. Quora. 2017-03-12 [2018-06-06].
- ^ When nobody understands. The Economist. 2008-10-23 [2008-10-25]. (原始内容存档于2009-02-24).
The electronic age drives some languages out of existence, but can help save others
参考文献
编辑- Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36275-7.
- Brenzinger, Matthias(ed.,1992) Language Death: Factual and Theoretical Explorations with Special Reference to East Africa. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-013404-9.
- Campbell, Lyle; & Mithun, Marianne (Eds.). (1979). The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-74624-5.
- Davis, Wade. (2009). The Wayfinders: Why Ancient Wisdom Matters in the Modern World. House of Anansi Press. ISBN 0-88784-766-8.
- Nancy Dorian (1978). Fate of morphological complexity in language death: Evidence from East Sutherland Gaelic. Language, 54(3),590-609.
- Dorian, Nancy C. (1981). Language death: The life cycle of a Scottish Gaelic dialect. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-7785-6.
- Dressler, Wolfgand & Wodak-Leodolter, Ruth(eds.,1977) Language death (International Journal of the Sociology of Language vol. 12). The Hague: Mouton.
- Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)).
- Harrison, K. David. (2007) When Languages Die: The Extinction of the World's Languages and the Erosion of Human Knowledge. New York and London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518192-0.
- Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
- Mohan, Peggy; & Zador, Paul. (1986). Discontinuity in a life cycle: The death of Trinidad Bhojpuri. Language, 62(2),291-319.
- Sasse, Hans-Jürgen(1992)'Theory of language death', in Brenzinger(ed.)Language Death, pp. 7–30.
- Schilling-Estes, Natalie; & Wolfram, Walt. (1999). Alternative models of dialect death: Dissipation vs. concentration. Language, 75(3),486-521.
- Sebeok, Thomas A. (Ed.). (1973). Linguistics in North America (parts 1 & 2). Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hauge: Mouton. (Reprinted as Sebeok 1976).
- Sharp, Joanne. (2008). Chapter 6: Can the Subaltern Speak?, in Geographies of Postcolonialism. Glasgow, UK: SAGE Publications Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4129-0779-8.
- Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. (2000). Linguistic genocide in education or worldwide diversity and human rights? Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0-8058-3468-0.
- Thomason, Sarah Grey & Kaufman, Terrence. (1991). Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-07893-4.
- Timmons Roberts, J. & Hite, Amy. (2000). From Modernization to Globalization: Perspectives on Development and Social Change. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-21097-9.