极端民族主义
(重定向自超民族主义)
极端民族主义(英语:Ultranationalism)是一种意识形态,和传统民族主义的概念完全不同,强调某个国家或民族在政治、经济和社会领域的利益与统治地位。通常表现为对自己族群的优越感和极端支持,同时将其他国家,种族,宗教或文化社群视为敌对与次等,并加以歧视,排斥和仇恨,进而引发种族主义和迫害等问题。极端民族主义往往伴随着侵略性和暴力倾向,可能采取战争或种族清洗等极端手段以实现政治目标,它与国家复兴的概念共同构成了法西斯主义的关键基础。[1]
加略斯·布加杰斯基认为,民族主义在最极端或发展到终极形态时,类似于法西斯主义,其特点是仇外蔑视,支持专制政治并靠近极权主义,强调魅力型领袖,一个组织上无定形的运动型政党,以及国家之间的“有机统一”。 [2]
罗杰·格里芬指出,极端民族主义本质上是仇外的,并且会通过神化自己历史上的伟大成就,或者强调对历史宿敌的仇恨来实现自身的合法化。它有时还会利用庸俗的体质人类学、遗传学和优生学来对种族优越感和种族前途做合理化解释,并衬托其他种族的堕落和劣等的观念。 [3]
极端民族主义政党
编辑二战后被认为过是极端民族主义者的政党:
参见
编辑参考
编辑- ^ Roger Griffin, "Nationalism" in Cyprian Blamires, ed., World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, vol. 2 (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2006), pp. 451–53.
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- ^ {{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2014/05/24/315445164/ultra-nationalist-party-surges-in-hungary%7Ctitle=Ultra-Nationalist Party Surges In Hungary|newspaper=NPR.org|date=24 May 2014|publisher=National Public Radio}}
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Abe also rewarded right-wing politicians who are close to him — so-called ‘ideological friends’ who are being increasingly pushed to the forefront of his administration — such as LDP Executive Acting Secretary-General Koichi Hagiuda who was appointed Education Minister. As a member of the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi (Japan Conference), which seeks to promote patriotic education, he can be considered ‘reliable’ as the government’s policy leader on national education.
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... Koizumi calls the war criminals 'martyrs', a view shared by many elderly veterans, Right-wing Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) lawmakers and ultra-nationalist groups . He now claims that he visits the shrine as a private citizen, not as the prime minister. It is an open secret in Japan that most LDP politicians are linked to ...
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Finally, at the extreme right is the reorganized Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) under Nicanor Yniguez, which remains loyal to Marcos.
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Slovak National Party: led by Jan Slota. Extreme nationalist
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...Meciar established his 1994 coalition government with the extreme-nacionalist Slovak National Party (SNS), led by Ján Slota, mayor of Zilina...
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