根瘤菌

根瘤菌主要指与豆类作物根部共生形成根瘤并能固氮的细菌，一般指根瘤菌属和慢生根瘤菌属；两属都属于根瘤菌目。

根瘤菌属
琼脂平皿上的热带根瘤箘。
科学分类
域：	细菌域 Bacteria
门：	假单胞菌门 Pseudomonadota
纲：	α-变形菌纲 Alphaproteobacteria
目：	根瘤菌目 Rhizobiales
科：	根瘤菌科 Rhizobiaceae
属：	根瘤菌属 Rhizobium Frank, 1889
模式种
Rhizobium leguminosarum (Frank, 1879) Frank, 1889
Species
See text.

大豆的根瘤，每一个都含有数十亿根瘤菌（Bradyrhizobium）。

根瘤菌侵入寄主根内，刺激根部皮层和中柱鞘的某些细胞，引起这些细胞的强烈生长，使根的局部膨大形成根瘤；根瘤菌在根内定居，植物供给根瘤菌以矿物养料和能源，根瘤菌固定大气中游离氮气，为植物提供氮素养料，两者在拮抗寄生关系中处于均衡状态而表现共生现象。

根瘤菌细胞呈杆状，有鞭毛和荚膜，鞭毛为正常的活动器官，无芽孢，革兰氏染色阴性，属需氧型。在根瘤中生活的菌体形式多种多样，有梨形、棍棒型或T、X、Y等型，这种变形的菌体成为类菌体；类菌体在豆科植物体内不生长繁殖，却能与豆科植物共同固氮，对豆科植物有良好作用。

每种根瘤菌只能与一种或几种植物建立共生关系，如下表：

根瘤菌种类	对应共生植物
苜蓿根瘤菌	苜蓿、草木樨
三叶草根瘤菌	三叶草
豌豆根瘤菌	豌豆、蚕豆
菜豆根瘤菌	菜豆
紫云英根瘤菌	紫云英
大豆根瘤菌	大豆
豇豆根瘤菌	豇豆、花生、绿豆、赤豆、柽麻、扁豆、刀豆等

此外，还有些微生物能同非豆类植物共同形成根瘤固氮，主要是一些放线菌（如：小头木麻黄、赤杨、杨梅）、蓝绿菌（如：苏铁、竹柏、满江红）。

下属物种

根瘤菌属 包括以下物种：

• Rhizobium acaciae Hsouna et al. 2023
• Rhizobium acidisoli Román-Ponce et al. 2016
• 埃及根瘤菌 Rhizobium aegyptiacum Shamseldin et al. 2017
• Rhizobium aethiopicum Aserse et al. 2017
• Rhizobium aggregatum (Hirsch and Müller 1986) Kaur et al. 2011
• Rhizobium alamii Berge et al. 2009
• Rhizobium alkalisoli Lu et al. 2009，为Neorhizobium alkalisoli (Lu et al. 2009) Mousavi et al. 2015的异名
• Rhizobium altiplani Baraúna et al. 2016
• Rhizobium alvei Sheu et al. 2015
• 安徽根瘤菌 Rhizobium anhuiense Zhang et al. 2015
• Rhizobium aquaticum Máthé et al. 2019
• Rhizobium arenae Zhang et al. 2017
• Rhizobium arsenicireducens Mohapatra et al. 2020
• Rhizobium azibense Mnasri et al. 2014
• Rhizobium azooxidifex Behrendt et al. 2016
• Rhizobium bangladeshense Rashid et al. 2015
• Rhizobium beringeri Young et al. 2023
• Rhizobium binae Rashid et al. 2015
• Rhizobium borbori Zhang et al. 2011，为Allorhizobium borbori (Zhang et al. 2011) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名
• Rhizobium brockwellii Young et al. 2023
• Rhizobium calliandrae Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
• Rhizobium capsici Lin et al. 2015
• Rhizobium cauense Liu et al. 2015
• Rhizobium cellulosilyticum García-Fraile et al. 2007
• Rhizobium chutanense Huo et al. 2019
• Rhizobium ciceri Nour et al. 1994，为Mesorhizobium ciceri (Nour et al. 1994) Jarvis et al. 1997的异名
• Rhizobium croatiense Rajnovic et al. 2023
• 大田根瘤菌 Rhizobium daejeonense Quan et al. 2005
• Rhizobium dioscoreae Ouyabe et al. 2020
• Rhizobium ecuadorense Ribeiro et al. 2015
• Rhizobium endolithicum Parag et al. 2014
• Rhizobium endophyticum López-López et al. 2011
• Rhizobium esperanzae Cordeiro et al. 2017
• Rhizobium etli Segovia et al. 1993
• Rhizobium fabae Tian et al. 2008
• Rhizobium favelukesii Torres Tejerizo et al. 2016
• Rhizobium flavum Gu et al. 2014
• Rhizobium fredii Scholla and Elkan 1984，为Ensifer fredii (Scholla and Elkan 1984) Young 2003的异名
• Rhizobium freirei Dall'Agnol et al. 2013
• Rhizobium galegae Lindström 1989，为Neorhizobium galegae (Lindström 1989) Mousavi et al. 2015的异名
• Rhizobium gallicum Amarger et al. 1997
• 格氏根瘤菌 Rhizobium gei Shi et al. 2016
• Rhizobium giardinii Amarger et al. 1997
• Rhizobium grahamii López-López et al. 2012
• 海南根瘤菌 Rhizobium hainanense Chen et al. 1997
• Rhizobium halophytocola Bibi et al. 2012
• Rhizobium helianthi Wei et al. 2015
• Rhizobium herbae Ren et al. 2011，为Pararhizobium herbae (Ren et al. 2011) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名
• Rhizobium hidalgonense Yan et al. 2020
• 华氏根瘤菌 Rhizobium huakuii Chen et al. 1991，为Mesorhizobium huakuii (Chen et al. 1991) Jarvis et al. 1997的异名
• Rhizobium huautlense Wang et al. 1998，为Neorhizobium huautlense (Wang et al. 1998) Mousavi et al. 2015的异名
• Rhizobium indigoferae Wei et al. 2002
• Rhizobium ipomoeae Sheu et al. 2016
• Rhizobium jaguaris Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
• 日本根瘤菌 Rhizobium japonicum (Kirchner 1896) Buchanan 1926，为Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Kirchner 1896) Jordan 1982的异名
• Rhizobium johnstonii Young et al. 2023
• Rhizobium laguerreae Saïdi et al. 2014
• Rhizobium larrymoorei (Bouzar and Jones 2001) Young 2004，为Agrobacterium larrymoorei Bouzar and Jones 2001的异名
• 豌豆根瘤菌 Rhizobium leguminosarum (Frank 1879) Frank 1889
• Rhizobium lemnae Kittiwongwattana and Thawai 2014
• Rhizobium lentis Rashid et al. 2015
• Rhizobium leucaenae Ribeiro et al. 2012
• Rhizobium loessense Wei et al. 2003，为Rhizobium mongolense subsp. loessense (Wei et al. 2003) Hördt et al. 2020的异名
• Rhizobium loti Jarvis et al. 1982，为Mesorhizobium loti (Jarvis et al. 1982) Jarvis et al. 1997的异名
• Rhizobium lupini (Schroeter 1886) Eckhardt et al. 1931，基异名：Phytomyxa lupini Schroeter 1886
• Rhizobium lusitanum Valverde et al. 2006
• Rhizobium marinum Liu et al. 2015
• Rhizobium mayense Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
• 地中海根瘤菌 Rhizobium mediterraneum Nour et al. 1995，为Mesorhizobium mediterraneum (Nour et al. 1995) Jarvis et al. 1997的异名
• Rhizobium meliloti Dangeard 1926，为Ensifer meliloti (Dangeard 1926) Young 2003的异名
• Rhizobium mesoamericanum López-López et al. 2012
• Rhizobium mesosinicum Lin et al. 2009
• Rhizobium metallidurans Grison et al. 2015
• Rhizobium miluonense Gu et al. 2008
• 内蒙根瘤菌 Rhizobium mongolense Van Berkum et al. 1998
• Rhizobium multihospitium Han et al. 2008
• Rhizobium naphthalenivorans Kaiya et al. 2018
• Rhizobium nepotum Puławska et al. 2012，为Agrobacterium nepotum (Puławska et al. 2012) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名
• Rhizobium oryzae Peng et al. 2008，为Allorhizobium oryzae (Peng et al. 2008) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名
• 稻生根瘤菌 Rhizobium oryzicola Zhang et al. 2015
• Rhizobium oryziradicis Zhao et al. 2017，为Allorhizobium oryziradicis (Zhao et al. 2017) Lin et al. 2020的异名
• 巴基斯坦根瘤菌 Rhizobium pakistanense Khalid et al. 2015，也拼作：Rhizobium pakistanensis
• Rhizobium paknamense Kittiwongwattana and Thawai 2013
• Rhizobium paranaense Dall'Agnol et al. 2014
• Rhizobium petrolearium Zhang et al. 2012
• Rhizobium phaseoli Dangeard 1926
• Rhizobium pisi Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2008
• Rhizobium populi Rozahon et al. 2014
• Rhizobium populisoli Shen et al. 2022
• Rhizobium pseudoryzae Zhang et al. 2011，为Allorhizobium pseudoryzae (Zhang et al. 2011) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名
• Rhizobium puerariae Boonsnongcheep et al. 2016
• Rhizobium pusense Panday et al. 2011，为Agrobacterium pusense (Panday et al. 2011) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名
• Rhizobium radiobacter (Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Young et al. 2001，为Agrobacterium radiobacter (Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Conn, 1942 的异名
• Rhizobium redzepovicii Rajnovic et al. 2023
• Rhizobium rhizogenes (Riker et al. 1930) Young et al. 2001
• Rhizobium rhizophilum Gao et al. 2020
• Rhizobium rhizoryzae Zhang et al. 2014
• Rhizobium rhododendri Kuzmanović et al. 2023
• Rhizobium rosettiformans Kaur et al. 2011
• Rhizobium rubi (Hildebrand 1940) Young et al. 2001，为Agrobacterium rubi (Hildebrand 1940) Starr and Weiss 1943的异名
• Rhizobium ruizarguesonis Jorrin et al. 2020
• Rhizobium selenitireducens Hunter et al. 2008，也拼作：Rhizobium selenireducens
• Rhizobium setariae Kang and Seo 2023
• Rhizobium skierniewicense Puławska et al. 2012
• Rhizobium smilacinae Zhang et al. 2015
• 土壤根瘤菌 Rhizobium soli Yoon et al. 2010
• Rhizobium sophorae Jiao et al. 2015
• Rhizobium sophoriradicis Jiao et al. 2015
• Rhizobium sphaerophysae Xu et al. 2012
• Rhizobium straminoryzae Lin et al. 2014
• Rhizobium subbaraonis Ramana et al. 2013
• Rhizobium sullae Squartini et al. 2002
• 太白山根瘤菌 Rhizobium taibaishanense Yao et al. 2012，为Allorhizobium taibaishanense (Yao et al. 2012) Hördt et al. 2020的异名
• Rhizobium tarimense Turdahon et al. 2013
• 土生根瘤菌 Rhizobium terricola Dahal et al. 2023
• 天山根瘤菌 Rhizobium tianshanense Chen et al. 1995，为Mesorhizobium tianshanense (Chen et al. 1995) Jarvis et al. 1997的异名
• 西藏根瘤菌 Rhizobium tibeticum Hou et al. 2009
• Rhizobium trifolii Dangeard 1926，为Rhizobium leguminosarum (Frank 1879) Frank 1889的异名
• Rhizobium tropici Martínez-Romero et al. 1991
• Rhizobium tubonense Zhang et al. 2011
• Rhizobium tumorigenes Kuzmanović et al. 2019
• Rhizobium undicola (de Lajudie et al. 1998) Young et al. 2001，为Allorhizobium undicola de Lajudie et al. 1998的异名
• Rhizobium vallis Wang et al. 2011
• Rhizobium vignae Ren et al. 2011，为Neorhizobium vignae (Ren et al. 2011) Hördt et al. 2020的异名
• Rhizobium viscosum (Gasdorf et al. 1965) Flores-Félix et al. 2017
• Rhizobium vitis (Ophel and Kerr 1990) Young et al. 2001，为Allorhizobium vitis (Ophel and Kerr 1990) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名
• 文新根瘤菌 Rhizobium wenxiniae Gao et al. 2017，以土壤微生物及细菌分类学家、中国科学院院士陈文新的名字命名
• 梧州根瘤菌 Rhizobium wuzhouense Yuan et al. 2018
• 杨凌根瘤菌 Rhizobium yanglingense Tan et al. 2001
• 盐亭根瘤菌 Rhizobium yantingense Chen et al. 2015
• Rhizobium zeae Celador-Lera et al. 2017

外部链接

• Current research on Rhizobium leguminosarum （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at the Norwich Research Park
• Video and commentary on root nodules and Rhizobium in White Clover （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）