无政府时期的内战

无政府时期（英语：The Anarchy）是指1138年至1153年间在英格兰与诺曼底之间（当时都是诺曼底公国的一部分）爆发的内战，是一场王位继承战争。内战的诱因是诺曼底公爵兼英格兰国王亨利一世的王储威廉·艾德林因白船海难意外身亡后，亨利一世试图让外嫁神圣罗马的女儿玛蒂尔达回国继承王位，但并非所有贵族都支持他设立女性继承人的决定。1135年亨利一世去世后，他的侄子斯蒂芬在温彻斯特主教弟弟的簇拥下趁机夺取王位。1139年，已经丧夫改嫁安茹公爵若弗鲁瓦五世的玛蒂尔达在异母哥哥罗伯特伯爵的支持下一同进攻英格兰，试图通过武力夺回王位。

内战初期双方势均力敌，玛蒂尔达控制了英格兰西南部和泰晤士河谷大部分地区，而斯蒂芬仍然控制英格兰东南部。1141年，斯蒂芬在林肯之战中兵败被俘，玛蒂尔达试图在伦敦加冕但因发生民变而未能成功，被迫从伦敦撤出。不久之后，罗伯特在温彻斯特战败被俘，玛蒂尔达不得不和斯蒂芬的妻子玛蒂尔德谈判，双方同意交换战俘，斯蒂芬和罗伯特均被释放。随后的1142年，重整旗鼓的斯蒂芬在围攻牛津城堡时险些俘虏玛蒂尔达，但被她徒步跨过冰冻的泰晤士河逃脱。战争随后又僵持了十一年。1143年，玛蒂尔达的丈夫若弗鲁瓦控制了诺曼底，但作战双方在英格兰都未能取得胜利。1147年，玛蒂尔达最重要的支持者罗伯特病逝，加上第二次十字军东征使得许多安茹一方的支持者离开欧洲，使得她在1148年返回诺曼底，只留下与若弗鲁瓦的长子亨利二世继续在英格兰作战。

1150年代初，大多数贵族和教会都厌倦了战争，因此许多人希望通过谈判结束战争。1152年，斯蒂芬想立自己的长子尤斯塔斯为王位继承人，但被天主教会拒绝。1153年，亨利二世再次进攻英格兰，但双方的军队都不想继续打下去，此时教会出面调停并希望双方停战。斯蒂芬和亨利二世开始进行停战谈判，最终签定协议，斯蒂芬可以继续为王，但必须接受亨利二世为继承人。1154年，斯蒂芬因病去世，亨利二世最终加冕成为英格兰国王，内战结束，安茹帝国的金雀花王朝开启。

无政时期内战的破坏程度即使按照中世纪战争的标准都是十分突出的，一些12世纪的年代记编纂者形容当时“基督和圣人们都沉睡了”。维多利亚时期的史学家因为年代记中描述当年泛滥的社会混乱、行政缺失和雇佣兵与流寇横行而将其命名为“Anarchy”，意思是“没有领导者”——虽然许多现代史学家质疑当时年代记的视野局限和准确性。在现代英语中，“anarchy”一词则被用来形容无政府状态的混乱局面。

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