無政府時期

無政府時期（英語：The Anarchy）^[1]是指1138年至1153年間在英格蘭與諾曼第之間（當時都是諾曼底公國的一部分）爆發的內戰，是一場王位繼承戰爭。

背景

內戰的誘因是諾曼第公爵兼英格蘭國王亨利一世的王儲威廉·艾德林因白船海難意外身亡後，亨利一世試圖讓外嫁神聖羅馬的女兒瑪蒂爾達回國繼承王位，但並非所有貴族都支持他設立女性繼承人的決定。1135年亨利一世去世後，他的侄子史蒂芬在溫徹斯特主教弟弟的簇擁下趁機奪取王位。1139年，已經喪夫改嫁安茹伯爵若弗魯瓦五世的瑪蒂爾達在異母哥哥羅伯特伯爵的支持下一同進攻英格蘭，試圖通過武力奪回王位。

經過

內戰初期雙方勢均力敵，瑪蒂爾達控制了英格蘭西南部和泰晤士河谷大部分地區，而史蒂芬仍然控制英格蘭東南部。1141年，史蒂芬在林肯之戰中兵敗被俘，瑪蒂爾達試圖在倫敦加冕但因發生民變而未能成功，被迫從倫敦撤出。不久之後，羅伯特在溫徹斯特戰敗被俘，瑪蒂爾達不得不和史蒂芬的妻子瑪蒂爾德談判，雙方同意交換戰俘，史蒂芬和羅伯特均被釋放。隨後的1142年，重整旗鼓的史蒂芬在圍攻牛津城堡時險些俘虜瑪蒂爾達，但被她徒步跨過冰凍的泰晤士河逃脫。戰爭隨後又僵持了十一年。1143年，瑪蒂爾達的丈夫若弗魯瓦控制了諾曼第，但作戰雙方在英格蘭都未能取得勝利。1147年，瑪蒂爾達最重要的支持者羅伯特病逝，加上第二次十字軍東征使得許多安茹一方的支持者離開歐洲，使得她在1148年返回諾曼第，只留下與若弗魯瓦的長子亨利二世繼續在英格蘭作戰。

結局

1150年代初，大多數貴族和教會都厭倦了戰爭，因此許多人希望通過談判結束戰爭。1152年，史蒂芬想立自己的長子尤斯塔斯為王位繼承人，但被天主教會拒絕。1153年，亨利二世再次進攻英格蘭，但雙方的軍隊都不想繼續打下去，此時教會出面調停並希望雙方停戰。史蒂芬和亨利二世開始進行停戰談判，最終簽定協議，史蒂芬可以繼續為王，但必須接受亨利二世為繼承人。1154年，史蒂芬因病去世，亨利二世最終加冕成為英格蘭國王，內戰結束，安茹帝國的金雀花王朝開啟。

影響

無政府時期內戰的破壞程度即使按照中世紀戰爭的標準都是十分突出的，一些12世紀的年代記編纂者形容當時「基督和聖人們都沉睡了」。維多利亞時期的史學家因為年代記中描述當年泛濫的社會混亂、行政缺失和僱傭兵與流寇橫行而將其命名為「Anarchy」，意思是「沒有領導者」——雖然許多現代史學家質疑當時年代記的視野局限和準確性^[2]。在現代英語中，「anarchy」一詞則被用來形容無政府狀態的混亂局面。

參考文獻

^ Bradbury, p. 215.
^ Bradbury, p. 215.

參考書目

Amt, Emilie. The Accession of Henry II in England: Royal Government Restored, 1149–1159. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. 1993 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-85115-348-3. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-15）.
Barlow, Frank. The Feudal Kingdom of England, 1042–1216 5th. Harlow, UK: Pearson Education. 1999 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-582-38117-9. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-15）.
Barratt, Nick. Finance and the Economy in the Reign of Henry II. Harper-Bill, Christopher; Vincent, Nicholas (編). Henry II: New Interpretations. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. 2007. ISBN 978-1-84383-340-6.
Bennett, Matthew. The Impact of 'Foreign' Troops in the Civil Wars of Stephen's Reign. Dunn, Diana E. S. (編). War and Society in Medieval and Early Modern Britain. Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press. 2000 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-85323-885-0. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-05）.
Blackburn, Mark. Coinage and Currency. King, Edmund (編). The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. 1994 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-19-820364-3. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-15）.
Bradbury, Jim. Stephen and Matilda: the Civil War of 1139–53. Stroud, UK: The History Press. 2009 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-7509-3793-1. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-15）.
Carpenter, David. The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284. London: Penguin. 2004. ISBN 978-0-14-014824-4. ^{[失效連結]}
Chibnall, Marjorie. The Empress Matilda: Queen Consort, Queen Mother and Lady of the English. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. 1993 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-631-19028-8. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-13）.
Coss, Peter. From Feudalism to Bastard Feudalism. Fryde, Natalie; Monnet, Pierre; Oexle, Oto (編). Die Gegenwart des Feudalismus. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht. 2002. ISBN 978-3-525-35391-2.
Coulson, Charles. The Castles of the Anarchy. King, Edmund (編). The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1994 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-19-820364-3. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-15）.
Creighton, Oliver Hamilton. Castles and Landscapes: Power, Community and Fortification in Medieval England. London: Equinox. 2005 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-1-904768-67-8. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-20）.
Creighton, Oliver; Wright, Duncan. Anarchy: War and Status in 12th-Century Landscapes of Conflict. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. 2017. ISBN 978-1-78138-242-4. doi:10.5949/liverpool/9781781382424.001.0001.
Crouch, David. The March and the Welsh Kings. King, Edmund (編). The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1998. ISBN 978-0-19-820364-3.
Crouch, David. The Normans: The History of a Dynasty. London: Hambledon Continuum. 2002 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-1-85285-595-6. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-15）.
Crouch, David. The Beaumont Twins: The Roots and Branches of Power in the Twelfth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2008a. ISBN 978-0-521-09013-1.
Crouch, David. King Stephen and Northern France. Dalton, Paul; White, Graeme J. (編). King Stephen's Reign (1135–1154). Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. 2008b [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-1-84383-361-1. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-05）.
Davis, Ralph Henry Carless. King Stephen 1st. London: Longman. 1977 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-582-48727-7. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-15）.
Dyer, Christopher. Making a Living in the Middle Ages: The People of Britain, 850 – 1520. London: Yale University Press. 2009 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-300-10191-1. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-13）.
Gillingham, John. 1066 and the Introduction of Chivalry into England. Garnett, George; Hudsdon, John (編). Law and Government in Medieval England and Normandy: Essays in Honour of Sir James Holt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1994 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-521-43076-0. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-05）.
Green, J. A. Financing Stephen's War. Anglo-Norman Studies. 1992, 14: 91–114.
Helmerichs, Robert. 'Ad tutandos partriae fines': The Defense of Normandy, 1135. Abels, Richard Philip; Bachrach, Bernard S. (編). The Normans and Their Adversaries at War. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. 2001 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-85115-847-1. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-05）.
Hollister, C. Warren. The Aristocracy. King, Edmund (編). The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1994 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-19-820364-3. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-15）.
Huscroft, Richard. Ruling England, 1042–1217. Harlow, UK: Pearson. 2005 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-582-84882-5. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-05）.
Kadish, Alon. Historians, Economists, and Economic History . London: Routledge. 1989. ISBN 978-0-415-61388-0.
King, Edmund. Introduction. King, Edmund (編). The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1994 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-19-820364-3. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-15）.
King, Edmund. The Gesta Stephani. Bates, David; Crick, Julia C.; Hamilton, Sarah (編). Writing Medieval Biography, 750–1250: Essays in Honour of Professor Frank Barlow. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. 2006. ISBN 978-1-84383-262-1.
King, Edmund. The Accession of Henry II. Harper-Bill, Christopher; Vincent, Nicholas (編). Henry II: New Interpretations. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. 2007. ISBN 978-1-84383-340-6.
King, Edmund. King Stephen. New Haven, US: Yale University Press. 2010 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-300-11223-8. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-13）.
Koziol, Geoffrey. Begging Pardon and Favor: Ritual and Political Order in Early Medieval France. New York: Cornell University. 1992 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-8014-2369-7. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-05）.
Morillo, Stephen. Warfare Under the Anglo-Norman Kings 1066–1135. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. 1994. ISBN 978-0-85115-689-7.
Pettifer, Adrian. English Castles: A Guide by Counties. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. 1995. ISBN 978-0-85115-782-5.
Ramet, Carlos. Ken Follett: The Transformation of a Writer. Bowling Green, US: Bowling Green State University Popular Press. 1999. ISBN 978-0-87972-798-7.
Rielly, Edward J. Ellis Peters: Brother Cadfael. Browne, Ray Broadus; Kreiser, Lawrence A. (編). The Detective as Historian: History and Art in Historical Crime. Bowling Green, US: Bowling Green State University Press. 2000 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-87972-815-1. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-05）.
Round, John H. Danegeld and the Finance of Domesday. Dove, P. E. (編). Domesday Studies. London: Longmans, Green, and Company. 1888. OCLC 25186487.
Stringer, Keith J. The Reign of Stephen: Kingship, Warfare and Government in Twelfth-Century England. London: Routledge. 1993 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-415-01415-1. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-05）.
Thompson, Kathleen. Power and Border Lordship in Medieval France: the County of the Perche, 1000–1226. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. 1993. ISBN 978-0-86193-254-2.
Turner, Richard Charles. Ken Follett: A Critical Companion. Westport, US: Greenwood Press. 1996. ISBN 978-0-313-29415-0.
Walker, David. Gloucestershire Castles. Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society. 1991, 109.
Warren, W. L. Henry II Yale. New Haven, U.S.: Yale University Press. 2000. ISBN 978-0-300-08474-0.
White, Graeme. The End of Stephen's Reign. History. 1990, 75 (243): 3–22. doi:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1990.tb01507.x.
White, Graeme. Continuity in Government. King, Edmund (編). The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1998. ISBN 978-0-19-820364-3.
White, Graeme. Earls and Earldoms during King Stephen's Reign. Dunn, Diana E. S. (編). War and Society in Medieval and Early Modern Britain. Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press. 2000 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-0-85323-885-0. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-05）.
White, Graeme. Royal Income and Regional Trends. Dalton, Paul; White, Graeme J. (編). King Stephen's reign (1135–1154). Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. 2008 [2024-02-20]. ISBN 978-1-84383-361-1. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-05）.
Yoshitake, Kenji. The Arrest of the Bishops in 1139 and its Consequences. Journal of Medieval History. 1988, 14 (2): 97–114. doi:10.1016/0304-4181(88)90022-x.

[1] Bradbury, p. 215.

[2] Bradbury, p. 215.

[1]

[2]