未发现元素列表

维基媒体列表条目
(重定向自Utu

未发现元素是一些在元素周期表内,未被列出的元素。目前所有已被发现的人造元素,在未发现之前也都可被称之为未发现元素,基于目前化学理论渐趋完备,我们可以依此对未发现元素作一些基本性质上的推论。由于理论推测最大的原子质子数不得超过210,故下表所列之预测元素就仅至第九周期;而截至2022年为止,最新发现(于2010年)之元素为(Tennessine, Ts)[1],并经IUPAC正式承认,至此所有第七周期元素已经合成成功,下表不予以保留。

通常科学家用实验室的所在地或名称来命名新发现的元素,国际纯粹与应用化学联合会(IUPAC)亦会给予已发现之元素名称正式的认可。但IUPAC为统一起见,对于所有未经核定但已发现或被预测的元素名称一律依照IUPAC之命名法则制定暂定名称,使用拉丁文数字头以该元素之原子序来命名,如Biunseptium(Bus)便是由bi(二)- un(一)- sept(七)- ium(元素)四个字根组合而成,表示“元素217号”。详细的法则请见IUPAC元素系统命名法。以下所列即为未发现元素的IUPAC暂定名称。

未发现元素在周期表中的位置

编辑

目前实验合成原子序最大的元素可能是第七周期的最后一个元素118Og,而若发现了原子序数更大的元素则将被置于第八周期。根据格伦·西奥多·西博格于1969年提出的扩展元素周期表[2],在第八周期以后的周期中,将会有g区元素的出现,即有部分的元素会存在有g轨道电子,然而第八周期以后的元素都尚未能被合成或发现,所以此理论迄今未能被验证。

我们可以预测下表的g区元素可能位于f区元素的左方,下表先依主流予以采用︰

扩展元素周期表
(超重元素不一定依下表的次序排列)
族未定
周期未定 0
Nu

0号元素

1 18
1 1
H
2 13 14 15 16 17 2
He
2 3
Li
4
Be
5
B
6
C
7
N
8
O
9
F
10
Ne
3 11
Na
12
Mg
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Al
14
Si
15
P
16
S
17
Cl
18
Ar
4 19
K
20
Ca
21
Sc
22
Ti
23
V
24
Cr
25
Mn
26
Fe
27
Co
28
Ni
29
Cu
30
Zn
31
Ga
32
Ge
33
As
34
Se
35
Br
36
Kr
5 37
Rb
38
Sr
39
Y
40
Zr
41
Nb
42
Mo
43
Tc
44
Ru
45
Rh
46
Pd
47
Ag
48
Cd
49
In
50
Sn
51
Sb
52
Te
53
I
54
Xe
6 55
Cs
56
Ba
57
La
58
Ce
59
Pr
60
Nd
61
Pm
62
Sm
63
Eu
64
Gd
65
Tb
66
Dy
67
Ho
68
Er
69
Tm
70
Yb
71
Lu
72
Hf
73
Ta
74
W
75
Re
76
Os
77
Ir
78
Pt
79
Au
80
Hg
81
Tl
82
Pb
83
Bi
84
Po
85
At
86
Rn
7 87
Fr
88
Ra
89
Ac
90
Th
91
Pa
92
U
93
Np
94
Pu
95
Am
96
Cm
97
Bk
98
Cf
99
Es
100
Fm
101
Md
102
No
103
Lr
104
Rf
𬬻
105
Db
𬭊
106
Sg
𬭳
107
Bh
𬭛
108
Hs
𬭶
109
Mt
110
Ds
𫟼
111
Rg
𬬭
112
Cn
113
Nh
114
Fl
𫓧
115
Mc
116
Lv
𫟷
117
Ts
118
Og
8 119
Uue
120
Ubn
g区
元素
141
Uqu
142
Uqb
143
Uqt
144
Uqq
145
Uqp
146
Uqh
147
Uqs
148
Uqo
149
Uqe
150
Upn
151
Upu
152
Upb
153
Upt
154
Upq
155
Upp
156
Uph
157
Ups
158
Upo
159
Upe
160
Uhn
161
Uhu
162
Uhb
163
Uht
164
Uhq
9 165
Uhp
166
Uhh
167
Uhs
168
Uho
169
Uhe
170
Usn
171
Usu
172
Usb
8 121
Ubu
122
Ubb
123
Ubt
124
Ubq
125
Ubp
126
Ubh
127
Ubs
128
Ubo
129
Ube
130
Utn
131
Utu
132
Utb
133
Utt
134
Utq
135
Utp
136
Uth
137
Uts
138
Uto
139
Ute
140
Uqn
族未定
周期未定 分区未定 173
Ust
174
Usq
175
Usp
176
Ush
177
Uss
...


  无电子
  超临界原子[3]

(未发现元素以较浅颜色显示)

总览

编辑
s区块 p区块 d区块 ds区块 f区块 g区块
原子序数 元素符号 IUPAC命名 电子排布 电子壳层 备注
119 Uue Ununennium s1 [Uuo]8s1 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 8, 1 推测电负性小于0.7。
120 Ubn Unbinilium s2 [Og]8s2 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 8, 2 304Ubn之中子数为幻数,有人推测其半衰期可能较长。
121 Ubu Unbiunium g1 [Og]8s28p1
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 8, 3 第一个g区元素
122 Ubb Unbibium g2 [Og]7d18s28p1
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 9, 3
123 Ubt Unbitrium g3 [Og]6f17d18s28p1
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 19, 9, 3
124 Ubq Unbiquadium g4 [Og]6f38s28p1
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 21, 8, 3
125 Ubp Unbipentium g5 [Og]5g16f38s28p1
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 33, 21, 8, 3
126 Ubh Unbihexium g6 [Og]5g26f27d18s28p1
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 34, 20, 9, 3 310Ubh同时拥有中子数184、质子数126两个幻数,推测可能是稳定元素岛中半衰期最长的一个。
127 Ubs Unbiseptium g7 [Og]5g36f28s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 35, 20, 8, 4
128 Ubo Unbioctium g8 [Og]5g46f28s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 36, 20, 8, 4
129 Ube Unbiennium g9 [Og]5g56f28s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 37, 20, 8, 4
130 Utn Untrinilium g10 [Og]5g66f28s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 38, 20, 8, 4
131 Utu Untriunium g11 [Og]5g76f28s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 39, 20, 8, 4
132 Utb Untribium g12 [Og]5g86f28s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 40, 20, 8, 4
133 Utt Untritrium g13 [Og]5g86f38s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 40, 21, 8, 4
134 Utq Untriquadium g14 [Og]5g86f48s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 40, 22, 8, 4
135 Utp Untripentium g15 [Og]5g96f48s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 41, 22, 8, 4
136 Uth Untrihexium g16 [Og]5g116f37d18s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 42, 22, 8, 4
137 Uts Untriseptium g17 [Og]5g126f37d18s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 43, 21, 9, 4 波耳原子模型中,原子序超过137的原子在1s轨道的电子速度将超过光速[4];且根据狄拉克方程式,原子基态时的能量将成为虚数,为此费曼指出元素137可能是最后的一个元素,因此有人在非正式场合亦称此元素为Feynmanium (Fy)[5]
138 Uto Untrioctium g18 [Og]5g126f37d18s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 44, 21, 9, 4 由于在实际情况中须考虑到原子核电荷分布的极限,因此在更精确的计算中,非离子态元素原子序可能达173。
139 Ute Untriennium p1 [Og]5g136f27d28s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 45, 20, 10, 4
140 Uqn Unquadnilium p2 [Og]5g146f37d18s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 46, 21, 9, 4
141 Uqu Unquadunium f1 [Og]5g156f27d28s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 47, 20, 10, 4
142 Uqb Unquadbium f2 [Og]5g166f27d28s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 48, 20, 10, 4
143 Uqt Unquadtrium f3 [Og]5g176f27d28s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 49, 20, 10, 4
144 Uqq Unquadquadium f4 [Og]5g186f17d38s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 19, 11, 4
145 Uqp Unquadpentium f5 [Og]5g186f37d28s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 21, 10, 4
146 Uqh Unquadhexium f6 [Og]5g186f47d28s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 22, 10, 4
147 Uqs Unquadseptium f7 [Og]5g186f57d28s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 23, 10, 4
148 Uqo Unquadoctium f8 [Og]5g186f67d28s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 24, 10, 4
149 Uqe Unquadennium f9 [Og]5g186f67d38s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 24, 11, 4
150 Upn Unpentnilium f10 [Og]5g186f67d48s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 24, 12, 6
151 Upu Unpentunium f11 [Og]5g186f87d38s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 26, 11, 4
152 Upb Unpentbium f12 [Og]5g186f97d38s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 27, 11, 4
153 Upt Unpenttrium f13 [Og]5g186f117d28s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 29, 10, 4
154 Upq Unpentquadium f14 [Og]5g186f127d28s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 30, 10, 4
155 Upp Unpentpentium d1 [Og]5g186f137d28s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 31, 10, 4
156 Uph Unpenthexium d2 [Og]5g186f147d28s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 32, 10, 4
157 Ups Unpentseptium d3 [Og]5g186f147d38s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 32, 11, 4
158 Upo Unpentoctium d4 [Og]5g186f147d48s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 32, 12, 4
159 Upe Unpentennium d5 [Og]5g186f147d48s28p2
1/2
9s1
2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 32, 12, 4, 1
160 Uhn Unhexnilium d6 [Og]5g186f147d58s28p2
1/2
9s1
2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 32, 13, 4, 1
161 Uhu Unhexunium d7 [Og]5g186f147d68s28p2
1/2
9s1
2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 32, 14, 4, 1
162 Uhb Unhexbium d8 [Og]5g186f147d88s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 32, 16, 4
163 Uht Unhextrium d9 [Og]5g186f147d98s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 32, 17, 4
164 Uhq Unhexquadium d10 [Og]5g186f147d108s28p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 32, 18, 4
电子 s区块 p区块 d区块 ds区块 f区块 g区块 h区块 离子态 可能不存在
原子序 元素符号 IUPAC命名 电子排布 电子壳层 备注
165 Uhp Unhexpentium s1 [Uhq]9s1 2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 32, 18, 4, 1 电负性确定小于0.7。
166 Uhh Unhexhexium s2 [Uhq]9s2 2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 32, 18, 4, 2
167 Uhs Unhexseptium p1 [Uhq]9s29p1
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 32, 18, 4, 3
168 Uho Unhexoctium p2 [Uhq]9s29p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 32, 18, 4, 4
169 Uhe Unhexennium p3 [Uhq]8p1
3/2
9s29p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 32, 18, 5, 4
170 Usn Unseptnilium p4 [Uhq]8p2
3/2
9s29p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 32, 18, 6, 4
171 Usu Unseptunium p5 [Uhq]8p3
3/2
9s29p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 32, 18, 7, 4
172 Usb Unseptbium p6 [Uhq]8p4
3/2
9s29p2
1/2
2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 32, 18, 8, 4

周期未定

编辑

多篇论文中对于其周期皆有不同表述之元素者,或者无论文或研究提到其周期者,列于此。

电子 s区块 p区块 d区块 ds区块 f区块 g区块 h区块 超临界原子[3] 可能不存在
原子序数 元素符号 IUPAC命名 电子排布 电子壳层 备注
0 Nu/Nt/n Neutronium 无电子 零号元素
173 Ust Unsepttrium 未知 [Usb]6g1 2, 8, 18, 32, 50, 33, 18, 8, 4
184 Uoq Unoctquadium 未知 [Usb] 6g5 7f4 8d3[6][7]
245 Bqp Biquadpentium 未知 理论计算表明,当Z=245时,2s轨道也将崩溃[8]

详细列表

编辑
化学元素 元素分区 预测电子排布[9][6][10][11]
119 Uue Ununennium s-block [Og] 8s1
120 Ubn Unbinilium s-block [Og] 8s2
121 Ubu Unbiunium g-block [Og] 8s2 8p1
1/2
[12]
122 Ubb Unbibium g-block [Og] 8s2 8p2
1/2
[12]
[Og] 7d1 8s2 8p1
1/2
123 Ubt Unbitrium g-block [Og] 6f1 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
[Og] 6f1 7d1 8s2 8p1
1/2
[14][12]
[Og] 6f2 8s2 8p1
1/2

[Og] 8s2 8p2
1/2
8p1
3/2
[14]
124 Ubq Unbiquadium g-block [Og] 6f2 8s2 8p2
1/2
[12][13]
[Og] 6f3 8s2 8p1
1/2
125 Ubp Unbipentium g-block [Og] 6f4 8s2 8p1
1/2
[12]
[Og] 5g1 6f2 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
[Og] 5g1 6f3 8s2 8p1
1/2

[Og] 8s2 0.81(5g1 6f2 8p2
1/2
) + 0.17(5g1 6f1 7d2 8p1
1/2
) + 0.02(6f3 7d1 8p1
1/2
)
126 Ubh Unbihexium g-block [Og] 5g1 6f4 8s2 8p1
1/2
[12]
[Og] 5g2 6f2 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
[Og] 5g2 6f3 8s2 8p1
1/2

[Og] 8s2 0.998(5g2 6f3 8p1
1/2
) + 0.002(5g2 6f2 8p2
1/2
)
127 Ubs Unbiseptium g-block [Og] 5g2 6f3 8s2 8p2
1/2
[12]
[Og] 5g3 6f2 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
[Og] 8s2 0.88(5g3 6f2 8p2
1/2
) + 0.12(5g3 6f1 7d2 8p1
1/2
)
128 Ubo Unbioctium g-block [Og] 5g3 6f3 8s2 8p2
1/2
[12]
[Og] 5g4 6f2 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
[Og] 8s2 0.88(5g4 6f2 8p2
1/2
) + 0.12(5g4 6f1 7d2 8p1
1/2
)
129 Ube Unbiennium g-block [Og] 5g4 6f3 7d1 8s2 8p1
1/2

[Og] 5g4 6f3 8s2 8p2
1/2
[12][13]
[Og] 5g5 6f2 8s2 8p2
1/2

[Og] 5g4 6f3 7d1 8s2 8p1
1/2
130 Utn Untrinilium g-block [Og] 5g5 6f3 7d1 8s2 8p1
1/2

[Og] 5g5 6f3 8s2 8p2
1/2
[12][13]
[Og] 5g6 6f2 8s2 8p2
1/2

[Og] 5g5 6f3 7d1 8s2 8p1
1/2
131 Utu Untriunium g-block [Og] 5g6 6f3 8s2 8p2
1/2
[12][13]
[Og] 5g7 6f2 8s2 8p2
1/2

[Og] 8s2 0.86(5g6 6f3 8p2
1/2
) + 0.14(5g6 6f2 7d2 8p1
1/2
)
132 Utb Untribium g-block [Og] 5g7 6f3 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
[Og] 5g8 6f2 8s2 8p2
1/2
133 Utt Untritrium g-block [Og] 5g8 6f3 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
134 Utq Untriquadium g-block [Og] 5g8 6f4 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
135 Utp Untripentium g-block [Og] 5g9 6f4 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
136 Uth Untrihexium g-block [Og] 5g10 6f4 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
137 Uts Untriseptium g-block [Og] 5g11 6f4 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
138 Uto Untrioctium g-block [Og] 5g12 6f4 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
[Og] 5g12 6f3 7d1 8s2 8p2
1/2
139 Ute Untriennium g-block [Og] 5g13 6f3 7d1 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
[Og] 5g13 6f2 7d2 8s2 8p2
1/2
140 Uqn Unquadnilium g-block [Og] 5g14 6f3 7d1 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
[Og] 5g15 6f1 8s2 8p2
1/2
8p2
3/2
141 Uqu Unquadunium g-block [Og] 5g15 6f2 7d2 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
142 Uqb Unquadbium g-block [Og] 5g16 6f2 7d2 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
143 Uqt Unquadtrium f-block [Og] 5g17 6f2 7d2 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
144 Uqq Unquadquadium f-block [Og] 5g18 6f2 7d2 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
[Og] 5g18 6f1 7d3 8s2 8p2
1/2

[Og] 5g17 6f2 7d3 8s2 8p2
1/2

[Og] 8s2 0.95(5g17 6f2 7d3 8p2
1/2
) + 0.05(5g17 6f4 7d1 8p2
1/2
)
145 Uqp Unquadpentium f-block [Og] 5g18 6f3 7d2 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
146 Uqh Unquadhexium f-block [Og] 5g18 6f4 7d2 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
147 Uqs Unquadseptium f-block [Og] 5g18 6f5 7d2 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
148 Uqo Unquadoctium f-block [Og] 5g18 6f6 7d2 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
149 Uqe Unquadennium f-block [Og] 5g18 6f6 7d3 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
150 Upn Unpentnilium f-block [Og] 5g18 6f6 7d4 8s2 8p2
1/2

[Og] 5g18 6f7 7d3 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
151 Upu Unpentunium f-block [Og] 5g18 6f8 7d3 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
152 Upb Unpentbium f-block [Og] 5g18 6f9 7d3 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
153 Upt Unpenttrium f-block [Og] 5g18 6f10 7d3 8s2 8p2
1/2

[Og] 5g18 6f11 7d2 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
154 Upq Unpentquadium f-block [Og] 5g18 6f11 7d3 8s2 8p2
1/2

[Og] 5g18 6f12 7d2 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
155 Upp Unpentpentium f-block [Og] 5g18 6f12 7d3 8s2 8p2
1/2

[Og] 5g18 6f13 7d2 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
156 Uph Unpenthexium f-block [Og] 5g18 6f13 7d3 8s2 8p2
1/2

[Og] 5g18 6f14 7d2 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
157 Ups Unpentseptium d-block [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d3 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
158 Upo Unpentoctium d-block [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d4 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
159 Upe Unpentennium d-block [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d5 8s2 8p2
1/2

[Og] 5g18 6f14 7d4 8s2 8p2
1/2
9s1[13]
160 Uhn Unhexnilium d-block [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d6 8s2 8p2
1/2

[Og] 5g18 6f14 7d5 8s2 8p2
1/2
9s1[13]
161 Uhu Unhexunium d-block [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d7 8s2 8p2
1/2

[Og] 5g18 6f14 7d6 8s2 8p2
1/2
9s1[13]
162 Uhb Unhexbium d-block [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d8 8s2 8p2
1/2

[Og] 5g18 6f14 7d7 8s2 8p2
1/2
9s1[13]
163 Uht Unhextrium d-block [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d9 8s2 8p2
1/2

[Og] 5g18 6f14 7d8 8s2 8p2
1/2
9s1[13]
164 Uhq Unhexquadium d-block [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2
1/2
[13]
165 Uhp Unhexpentium d-block [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2
1/2
9s1[13]
166 Uhh Unhexhexium d-block [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2
1/2
9s2[13]
167 Uhs Unhexseptium p-block [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2
1/2
9s2 9p1
1/2

[Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2
1/2
8p1
3/2
9s2[13]
168 Uho Unhexoctium p-block [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2
1/2
9s2 9p2
1/2

[Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2
1/2
8p2
3/2
9s2[13]
169 Uhe Unhexennium p-block [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2
1/2
8p1
3/2
9s2 9p2
1/2

[Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2
1/2
8p3
3/2
9s2[13]
170 Usn Unseptnilium p-block [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2
1/2
8p2
3/2
9s2 9p2
1/2

[Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2
1/2
8p4
3/2
9s2[13]
171 Usu Unseptunium p-block [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2
1/2
8p3
3/2
9s2 9p2
1/2

[Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2
1/2
8p4
3/2
9s2 9p1
1/2
[13]
172 Usb Unseptbium p-block [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2
1/2
8p4
3/2
9s2 9p2
1/2
[13]
173 Ust Unsepttrium ? [172] 6g1
[172] 9p1
3/2
... ... ... ... ...
184 Uoq Unoctquadium ? [172] 6g5 7f4 8d3

废弃的元素名称

编辑
电子 s区块 p区块 d区块 ds区块 f区块 g区块 h区块
原子序数 元素符号 IUPAC命名 研究年分 备注
43 Il Ilmenium 7族元素 1846年[15] 铌和钽的混合物
43 Lc Lucium 7族元素 1896年[16][17] 含杂质的钇混合物
90 Io Ionium 锕系元素 1904年[18] 钍-230
93 Ao Ausonium 锕系元素 1934年[19] 钡、氪等元素的混合物
未知 Di Didymium 镧系元素 1841年[20] 镨和钕的混合物[21]
未知 Nl[来源请求] 𰚼 未知 1864年[22] 双电离氧O2+产生的禁线[23]
未知 Pe Pelopium 未知 1845年[24][25][26] 铌和钽的混合物

参见

编辑

参考文献

编辑
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