精索静脉曲张
精索静脉曲张(英语:varicocele,VC[2])是男性精索内蔓状静脉丛的异常扩张、伸长和迂曲的一种血管病变,主因是静脉回流障碍或血流反流。多见于左侧,也可见于双侧或者右侧,是一种成因不明的男科疾病,任何男子均有可能患上。症状可能有阴囊坠胀不适或坠痛,严重者可导致睾丸功能减退、萎缩及不育等问题。
精索静脉曲张 (varicocele) | |
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精索静脉曲张示意图 | |
类型 | 盆腔静脉曲张[*]、疾病 |
分类和外部资源 | |
医学专科 | 泌尿外科 |
ICD-11 | BD75.1 |
ICD-10 | I86.1 |
ICD-9-CM | 456.4 |
DiseasesDB | 13731 |
MedlinePlus | 001284 |
eMedicine | radio/739 |
MeSH | D014646 |
成因
编辑据Saypol和Howards等人的统计,精索静脉曲张约有90%以上的出现于阴囊左侧,两侧同时发生较少,右侧最少。
精索静脉曲张的成因至今不明;但长时间站立,经常持续增加腹腔内的压力都有可能引致病况。然而,病症的原理与阴囊内的静脉瓣膜有关。正常的静脉瓣膜能阻止血液倒流,由于患者阴囊内血管的缺乏瓣膜或者瓣膜失去功效,导致血液于阴囊内的静脉积聚,并引致静脉血管曲张、扩大,甚至在站立时于阴囊皮下浮现出来,形成所谓的“蠕虫袋(bag of worms)”现象。
如前所述,大部分精索静脉曲张出现在左侧,据学者Ahlberg和Bartley统计,左侧精索静脉缺乏瓣膜的比例比右侧高,此外左侧精索静脉以接近直角的角度注入左侧肾静脉,压力较高故血液回流比较困难;而且左侧较容易被左侧肾静脉与上肠系膜动脉(Superior mesenteric artery, SMA)、腹主动脉夹挤影响血流。其他较少见的相关成因有:满胀的乙状结肠(Sigmoid colon)压迫左侧静脉血回流;左侧肾上腺分泌肾上腺素,造成精索静脉的血管痉挛(Vascular spasm);来自左肾侧枝循环(collaterals draining)的血液逆流注入睾丸静脉(Testicular vein);肾静脉狭窄...等等。
精索静脉曲张亦可能是其他病症的征兆。阴囊左侧的精索静脉与肾脏静脉连结,因此肾脏的病变可能会引致血液倒流回阴囊内。肝硬化、肝癌则会导致下腹腔的静脉阻塞,令右侧的精索出现静脉曲张的现象。若下腹腔出现肿瘤亦有可能令致血管受压迫而令血液倒流引致病况。
病征
编辑病征包括:
- 阴囊内的静脉出现肿胀;多发生于左方睾丸一侧,但亦可以发生右方一侧,甚至同时出现于两颗睾丸;[3]
- 阴囊外浮现出如虫状的血管分布;
- 睾丸部位出现间断性的疼痛;但不适的感觉亦会因人而异;
- 睾丸出现沉重的感觉;
- 由于静脉血液积聚于阴囊部分,破坏静脉网原有的逆流热交换(Countercurrent heat exchange)功能,致使阴囊内的温度提高,影响精子的产生,有可能会导致不育;
- 睾丸萎缩。
- 睾酮水平的变化。[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]
包皮水肿病征
编辑有时候消炎药吃过多,对部分男性而言,也会引起包皮水肿的。当然这一类男性患者,基本上患有(精索静脉曲张/varicocele,VC)的病症,所以导致(...局部静脉系统没有完全恢复导致的局部血液和组织液肿胀,包皮水肿即是局部的循环障碍导致成的局部皮肤黏膜肿胀...)。因消炎药短时间吃过多,导致肾功能迟缓(...阴囊左侧的精索静脉与肾脏静脉连结,因此肾脏的病变可能会引致血液倒流回阴囊内...);且白蛋白短时间因流失过多,故而在体内的的胶体渗透压低于总胶体渗透压的80%以下。因而在毛细管微循环(capillary microcirculation)里的胶体渗透压小于及流体静力压(hydrostatic pressure),故而导致体内组织液被流体静力压拉往静脉外或拉到静脉末端乱窜,而刚好精索静脉曲张的患者的静脉末端(大多在)左侧迂曲扩张,所以组织液就往这个较弱的地方流向过去;因而造成包皮水肿(foreskin edema)。
检验与确诊
编辑治疗
编辑注释
编辑- ^ Wishahi MM. Anatomy of the spermatic venous plexus (pampiniform plexus) in men with and without varicocele: intraoperative venographic study. J Urol. 1992;147(5):1285-1289. doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)37544-4
- ^ Fang Y, Su Y, Xu J, et al. Varicocele-Mediated Male Infertility: From the Perspective of Testicular Immunity and Inflammation. Front Immunol. 2021;12:729539. Published 2021 Aug 31. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.729539
- ^ Varicocele Signs & Symptoms - Varicocele. Urology Channel. [2024-07-21]. (原始内容存档于2011-04-25).
- ^ Chen, Shiou-Sheng; Chen, Li-Kuei. Risk factors for progressive deterioration of semen quality in patients with varicocele. Urology. 2012-01, 79 (1) [2024-07-21]. ISSN 1527-9995. PMID 22055689. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2011.08.063. (原始内容存档于2024-04-29).
- ^ Al-Daghistani, Hala I.; Hamad, Abdul-Wahab R.; Abdel-Dayem, Muna; Al-Swaifi, Mohammad; Abu Zaid, Mohammad. Evaluation of Serum Testosterone, Progesterone, Seminal Antisperm Antibody, and Fructose Levels among Jordanian Males with a History of Infertility. Biochemistry Research International. 2010, 2010 [2024-07-21]. ISSN 2090-2247. doi:10.1155/2010/409640. (原始内容存档于2024-06-05) (英语).
- ^ Cantatore, Clementina; Capuano, Pasquale; Cobuzzi, Isabella; Vacca, Margherita; Coretti, Francesco; Falagario, Doriana; Spilotros, Marco; Bettocchi, Carlo; Palumbo, Fabrizio; Depalo, Raffaella. Semen quality and hormonal levels in infertile patients with varicocele. Archivio Italiano Di Urologia, Andrologia: Organo Ufficiale [di] Societa Italiana Di Ecografia Urologica E Nefrologica. 2010-12, 82 (4) [2024-07-21]. ISSN 1124-3562. PMID 21341585. (原始内容存档于2023-08-22).
- ^ Al-Ali, Badereddin Mohamad; Marszalek, Martin; Shamloul, Rany; Pummer, Karl; Trummer, Harald. Clinical parameters and semen analysis in 716 Austrian patients with varicocele. Urology. 2010-05, 75 (5) [2024-07-21]. ISSN 1527-9995. PMID 20138656. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2009.11.042. (原始内容存档于2024-04-30).
- ^ Sathya Srini, Vasan; Belur Veerachari, Srinivas. Does Varicocelectomy Improve Gonadal Function in Men with Hypogonadism and Infertility? Analysis of a Prospective Study. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2011, 2011 [2024-07-21]. ISSN 1687-8337. doi:10.1155/2011/916380. (原始内容存档于2024-05-18) (英语).
- ^ Li, Fuping; Yue, Huanxun; Yamaguchi, Kohei; Okada, Keisuke; Matsushita, Kei; Ando, Makoto; Chiba, Koji; Fujisawa, Masato. Effect of surgical repair on testosterone production in infertile men with varicocele: A meta‐analysis. International Journal of Urology. 2012-02, 19 (2). ISSN 0919-8172. PMID 22059526. doi:10.1111/j.1442-2042.2011.02890.x (英语).
- ^ Hsiao, Wayland; Rosoff, James S.; Pale, Joseph R.; Powell, Jonathan L.; Goldstein, Marc. Varicocelectomy is associated with increases in serum testosterone independent of clinical grade. Urology. 2013-06, 81 (6) [2024-07-21]. ISSN 1527-9995. PMID 23561709. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2013.01.060. (原始内容存档于2024-07-12).
- ^ Tanrikut, Cigdem; Goldstein, Marc; Rosoff, James S.; Lee, Richard K.; Nelson, Christian J.; Mulhall, John P. Varicocele as a risk factor for androgen deficiency and effect of repair. BJU International. 2011-11, 108 (9) [2024-07-21]. ISSN 1464-4096. PMID 21435152. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.10030.x. (原始内容存档于2023-08-22) (英语).
- ^ Zohdy, Wael; Ghazi, Sherif; Arafa, Mohamad. Impact of Varicocelectomy on Gonadal and Erectile Functions in Men with Hypogonadism and Infertility. The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2011-03-01, 8 (3) [2024-07-21]. ISSN 1743-6109. PMID 20722780. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01974.x. (原始内容存档于2024-04-18) (英语).
- ^ Luo, De-Yi; Yang, Gang; Liu, Jian-Jun; Yang, Yu-Ru; Dong, Qiang. Effects of varicocele on testosterone, apoptosis and expression of StAR mRNA in rat Leydig cells. Asian Journal of Andrology. 2011-03, 13 (2) [2024-07-21]. ISSN 1008-682X. PMC 3739182 . PMID 21076439. doi:10.1038/aja.2010.111. (原始内容存档于2024-07-21).
参见
编辑外部链接
编辑- Sky News - Israeli Male Fertility Breakthrough Offers Hope To Childless Couples
- Patient UK (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) has a nice patient oriented, but detailed explanation of Varicoceles
- The Royal College of Radiologists has good information on Varicocele Embolisation
- the official site of The Gat Goren nonsurgical method for treating varicoceles