半裸盖菇学名Psilocybe semilanceata)是裸盖菇属的一种真菌,在英文中俗称“自由之帽”(英语:liberty cap),因其外形与弗里吉亚无边便帽相似而得名[3],广泛分布于欧洲北美洲[4],并已被引入南半球的澳洲新西兰智利等地[4][5][6]。本种最早于1838年由埃利亚斯·芒努斯·弗里斯发表描述,当时被归入伞菌属中,后被保罗·库默尔移入裸盖菇属。半裸盖菇的蕈伞直径为5—25毫米,高6—22毫米,形状为圆锥形至钟形,含水时为赭色至深棕色,干燥时颜色则会变浅[2]蕈柄细长(基部通常稍粗),呈黄棕色,高45—140毫米,粗1—3.5毫米[2]担孢子为椭球形,呈红棕色,长10.5—15微米,宽6.5—8.5微米[2]。同属物种Psilocybe pelliculosa英语Psilocybe pelliculosa与本种外形非常相似[7]

半裸盖菇
科学分类 编辑
界: 真菌界 Fungi
门: 担子菌门 Basidiomycota
纲: 伞菌纲 Agaricomycetes
目: 伞菌目 Agaricales
科: 腹菌科 Hymenogastraceae
属: 光盖伞属 Psilocybe
种:
半裸盖菇 P. semilanceata
二名法
Psilocybe semilanceata
(Fr.) P.Kumm. (1871)
异名[1][2]
  • Agaricus semilanceatus Fr. (1838)
  • Geophila semilanceata (Fr.) Quél. (1886)
  • Panaeolus semilanceatus (Fr.) J.E.Lange (1936)
  • Panaeolus semilanceatus (Fr.) J.E.Lange (1939)
半裸盖菇
查看产生下列表格的真菌学模板
查看产生下列表格的真菌学模板
真菌形态特征
子实层上有菌褶
蕈伞为圆锥状 突出
子实层连生 附生
裸露蕈柄
孢印褐色紫色
异养腐生真菌
致幻

半裸盖菇常生长在草原上[8][9],可能形成菌核英语Sclerotium以抵抗环境逆境[8]。有研究显示半裸盖菇可抑制土壤中造成根腐病的病原水霉菌樟疫霉英语Phytophthora cinnamomi生长[10]。此外半裸盖菇还可抑制多重抗药金黄色葡萄球菌生长,但抗生素的性质仍不明[11]

半裸盖菇属于迷幻蘑菇,可合成裸盖菇素脱磷酸裸盖菇素甲基裸盖菇素英语Baeocystin精神活性物质[12][13]。持有或贩售半裸盖菇在许多国家为非法行为[14][15]

参考文献

编辑
  1. ^ Psilocybe semilanceata (Fr.) P. Kumm. 1871. MycoBank. International Mycological Association. [15 November 2010]. (原始内容存档于2009-08-16). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Bas C, Kuyper Th W, Noordeloos ME, Vellinga EC, van Os J. Flora Agaricina Neerlandica 3. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 1995: 45. ISBN 978-90-5410-616-6. 
  3. ^ Weil A. The Marriage of the Sun and Moon: Dispatches from the Frontiers of Consciousness. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. 2004: 77. ISBN 978-0-618-47905-4. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Guzmán G, Allen JW, Gartz J. A worldwide geographical distribution of the neurotropic fungi, an analysis and discussion (PDF). Annali del Museo Civico di Rovereto. 1998, 14: 198–280 [12 January 2010]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于26 June 2010). 
  5. ^ Watling R, Martin MP. A sequestrate Psilocybe from Scotland. Botanical Journal of Scotland. 2003, 55 (2): 245–57. ISSN 1359-4869. S2CID 84039900. doi:10.1080/03746600308685009. 
  6. ^ Johnston PR, Buchanan PK. The genus Psilocybe (Agaricales) in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 1995, 33 (3): 379–88. Bibcode:1995NZJB...33..379J. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1995.10412964. 
  7. ^ Guzmán G, Ott J, Boydston J, Pollock SH. Psychotropic mycoflora of Washington, Idaho, Oregon, California and British Columbia. Mycologia. 1976, 68 (6): 1267–72 [6 January 2011]. JSTOR 3758763. PMID 1034879. doi:10.2307/3758763. (原始内容存档于1 November 2018). 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Stamets P. Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World: An Identification Guide. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. 1996: 24. ISBN 978-0-89815-839-7. 
  9. ^ Gartz J. Magic Mushrooms Around the World. Los Angeles, California: LIS Publications. 1997: 18. ISBN 978-0-9653399-0-2. 
  10. ^ Finlay AR, McCracken AR. Microbial suppression of Phytophthora cinnamomi. Lucas, John (编). Phytophthora: Symposium of the British Mycological Society, the British Society for Plant Pathology, and the Society of Irish Plant Pathologists held at Trinity College, Dublin, September 1989. Cambridge, England: Published for the British Mycological Society by Cambridge University Press. 1991: 387. ISBN 978-0-521-40080-0. 
  11. ^ Suay I, Arenal F, Asensio FJ, Basilio A, Cabello MA, Díez MT, García JB, González del Val A, Gorrochategui J, Hernández P, Peláez F, Vicente MF. Screening of basidiomycetes for antimicrobial activities. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 2000, 78 (2): 129–39. PMID 11204765. S2CID 23654559. doi:10.1023/A:1026552024021. 
  12. ^ Hofmann A, Heim R, Tscherter H. Phytochimie – présence de la psilocybine dans une espèce européenne d'agaric, le Psilocybe semilanceata Fr. [Phytochemistry – presence of psilocybin in a European agaric species, Psilocybe semilanceata Fr.]. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences. 1963, 257 (1): 10–12 (法语). 
  13. ^ Stijve T, Kuyper TW. Occurrence of psilocybin in various higher fungi from several European countries. Planta Medica. 1985, 51 (5): 385–87. PMID 17342589. S2CID 260281057. doi:10.1055/s-2007-969526. 
  14. ^ List of psychotropic substances under international control (PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. August 2003. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于5 December 2005). 
  15. ^ Marley G. Chanterelle Dreams, Amanita Nightmares: The Love, Lore, and Mystique of Mushrooms. White River Junction, Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing. 2010: 178. ISBN 978-1-60358-214-8.