乌鸡油菌
乌鸡油菌(学名:Polyozellus multiplex),又名乌茸菌或乌舞茸,是一种革菌科真菌。它们是单型的,即属内只有它们一个物种。它的孢子台形状独特,蓝紫色的伞状帽像是一束束的,底部皱褶至蕈柄。
乌鸡油菌![]() | |
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科学分类 ![]() | |
界: | 真菌界 Fungi |
门: | 担子菌门 Basidiomycota |
纲: | 伞菌纲 Agaricomycetes |
目: | 革菌目 Thelephorales |
科: | 革菌科 Thelephoraceae |
属: | 乌茸菌属 Polyozellus |
种: | 乌鸡油菌 P. multiplex
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二名法 | |
Polyozellus multiplex (Underw.) Murrill
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异名 | |
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乌鸡油菌 | |
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![]() | 子实层上有脊状构造 |
![]() | 蕈伞为漏斗状 |
![]() | 子实层连接方式无规律或无适当分类 |
![]() | 蕈柄裸露 |
![]() | 孢印白色 |
![]() | 菌根真菌 |
![]() | 可食用 |
乌鸡油菌的分类曾有多次改动,不论是在科或属的层级。它们的生长地包括北美洲及东亚的温带针叶林。它们是可食用菌,现今也有栽种作商业用途。乌鸡油菌内含生物活性的polyozellin,可以用来抑制胃癌。
历史及分类
编辑乌鸡油菌最初是于1899年由Lucien M. Underwood所描述。他将之分类为鸡油菌属中的新物种,但指它有可能是属于另一属。[1]于1910年,William Murrill认为乌鸡油菌的蕈柄结构独特,并将之分类在全新的Polyozellus属中。[2]于1920年,Curtis Gates Lloyd从日本获得的乌鸡油菌标本看为另一新物种,并命名为Phyllocarbon yasudai。[3]
但是后来要到1937年在加拿大魁北克才再发现乌鸡油菌的标本。[4]翌年,Paul Shope认为Polyozellus一属是多馀的,并指乌鸡油菌的孢子台与喇叭菌属的不谋而合。[5]于1939年,Lee Overholts指前两名学者都忽略了Calvin Kauffman于1925年就从洛矶山脉及喀斯喀特山脉采集回来的标本的研究。[6]Calvin Kauffman相信乌鸡油菌其实是生长在极端环境的陀螺菌,所以并不赞同将之分类在喇叭菌属中。[7]Alexander H. Smith及Elizabeth Morse于1947年将乌鸡油菌分类在鸡油菌属下新的Polyozellus组中,但仍指出它们有独特于此属的孢子。[8]
1953年,今関六也发现乌鸡油菌的孢子呈亚球形及有结节,是其他鸡油菌属所没有的。而这种特征却在革菌科中非常普遍,加上乌鸡油菌本身也像其他革菌科般呈深色、带有强烈的气味及含有革菌酸,所以他建议将乌鸡油菌分类在新的Phylacteriaceae科中。[9]但这建议却未得到学界的接受,例如川村清一于1954年就将之分类在革菌属中。[10]
于2009年,真菌索引(Index Fungorum)[11]及MycoBank[12]都将乌鸡油菌列在革菌科下。[13]属名的希腊文意思是“很多分枝”[14];种小名则指“很多块”,是参照其复杂的子实体结构而取的。[15]
特征
编辑乌鸡油菌是一种鸡油菌。[14]子实体呈扇或漏斗状,在地上一束的生长,一束的直径可以达1米[5][8],平均则有30厘米。[16]
个别的伞状帽长阔各有3-5厘米,呈紫黑色,边缘白色及蓝绿色。[1]表面有多个同心的环状绒毛,边缘有一层纤细绒毛,帽散开及成波浪状。底面有子实层,子实层呈薄而密的皱褶,一般呈与表面相同或较淡的颜色。[17]在不同的位点也有发现不同的颜色,例如在阿拉斯加的乌鸡油菌都是呈乌黑色的,而底部呈深灰色。[18]
子实体可以高15厘米及阔10厘米。蕈柄呈深紫黑色,表面光滑无毛,且与基部融合。蕈柄阔1.5-2厘米及长达5厘米。菌髓呈深紫色,质感柔软及易脆。孢子印是白色的。[19]
孢子接近球状至椭圆形,表面有细小的结节覆盖,大小约为6–8.5×5.5–8微米。[19]微观下孢子是透明的,在氢氧化钾下孢子会变为绿色。孢子并非淀粉质,所以在梅瑞氏染剂下不会转变为蓝色。囊状体呈丝状,阔3-4微米,长28-40微米。菌盖皮层是由菌丝组床,在氢氧化钾下会转变为橄榄绿色。它们有扣子体,但并非所有隔膜也有。[20]孢子台的大小为32–38×5–6微米,有四个孢子。[8]
相似物种
编辑灰喇叭菌也像乌鸡油菌般有黑色的子实体及光滑的子实层,但其肉较薄,子实体呈柱状及灰至黑色。芳香喇叭菌倾向一束生长,但却是呈橙色而不是蓝色的。[21]钉菇的形状及形态很像乌鸡油菌,但肉质较厚,且是呈浅紫色至粉红色。[13]
生长地及分布
编辑乌鸡油菌是外生根菌的,即菌丝与植物的根部共生,而菌丝一般不会穿透根部细胞。[22][23]乌鸡油菌生长在云杉属及冷杉属的针叶林[24],尤其是在较高的海拔。[25]它们很多时都于夏天及冬天生长。[20]
乌鸡油菌分布在北部及山区,较少会见到。在美国缅因州、俄勒冈州、科罗拉多州及阿拉斯加、加拿大魁北克省及英属哥伦比亚[4][8][26]、中国[27]、日本及韩国。[28]其他真菌也有类似零散的分布。[29]乌鸡油菌也有在夏洛特皇后群岛培植作商业用途。[30]
用途
编辑食用
编辑乌鸡油菌是可以食用的[31],在亚洲各国如韩国、日本及中国都有出售。[27]在北美洲,有时会采集它们作为娱乐[32]及商业而用途。[33]乌鸡油菌的味道一般,带有香味。[34]David Arora指它们的味道不及Craterellus。[17]子实体可以风干保存。[24]
生物活性物质
编辑乌鸡油菌可以分解出polyozellin,能抑制阿尔茨海默氏病中处理蛋白质的脯氨酰内肽酶。所以科学家都希望透过研究这些物质来发展治疗方法。[35]从乌鸡油菌的抽取物中发现有类似polyozellin二苯并呋喃的衍生物,包括kynapcin-12[36]、-13、-28[37]、及-24。[38]
抗肿瘤
编辑乌鸡油菌的描取物具有压抑胃癌的效用。[27][39]只要吃低浓度(约0.5-1%)的乌鸡油菌抽取物,就可以促进谷胱甘肽转硫酶及超氧化物歧化酶的活性,且可以增加谷胱甘肽的份量。这些抽取物也可以扩大肿瘤蛋白53的基因表现。肿瘤蛋白53是一种重要的抑癌基因,可以保护基因组免受破坏。[27]polyozellin也具有抗癌的特性。[40][41]
参看
编辑参考
编辑- ^ 1.0 1.1 Underwood LM. A new Cantharellus from Maine. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 1899, 26 (5): 254–5 [2009-11-18]. doi:10.2307/2477751. (原始内容存档于2019-08-20).
- ^ Murrill WA. Chanterel. North American Flora. 1910, 9: 167–71.
- ^ Lloyd CG. Botanical notes. Mycological Writings. 1921, 6: 1066.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Mounce I, Jackson HAC. Two Canadian collections of Cantharellus multiplex. Mycologia. 1937, 29 (3): 286–8. doi:10.2307/3754283.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Shope PF. Further notes on Cantharellus multiplex. Mycologia. 1938, 30 (4): 372–4. doi:10.2307/3754462.
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- ^ Overholts LM. Cantharellus multiplex again. Mycologia. 1939, 31 (2): 231, 233. doi:10.2307/3754572.
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- ^ Index Fungorum - genus record. CABI. [2009-09-02]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04).
- ^ Stalpers J. (Curator). MycoBank: genus Polyozellus Murrill 1910. International Mycological Association. 03-09-2009 [2009-09-02]. (原始内容存档于2011-09-30).
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Pilz D, Norvell L, Danell E, Molina R. Ecology and management of commercially harvested chanterelle mushrooms. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-576 (PDF). Portland, OR: Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 2003 [2009-09-23]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-11-26).
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- ^ 19.0 19.1 Kuo M. Polyozellus multiplex: The blue chanterelle. MushroomExpert.com. 2003 [2009-08-23]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-10).
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