烏雞油菌
烏雞油菌(學名:Polyozellus multiplex),又名烏茸菌或烏舞茸,是一種革菌科真菌。它們是單型的,即屬內只有它們一個物種。它的孢子臺形狀獨特,藍紫色的傘狀帽像是一束束的,底部皺褶至蕈柄。
烏雞油菌![]() | |
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科學分類 ![]() | |
界: | 真菌界 Fungi |
門: | 擔子菌門 Basidiomycota |
綱: | 傘菌綱 Agaricomycetes |
目: | 革菌目 Thelephorales |
科: | 革菌科 Thelephoraceae |
屬: | 烏茸菌屬 Polyozellus |
種: | 烏雞油菌 P. multiplex
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二名法 | |
Polyozellus multiplex (Underw.) Murrill
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異名 | |
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烏雞油菌 | |
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![]() | 子實層上有脊狀構造 |
![]() | 蕈傘為漏斗狀 |
![]() | 子實層連接方式無規律或無適當分類 |
![]() | 蕈柄裸露 |
![]() | 孢印白色 |
![]() | 菌根真菌 |
![]() | 可食用 |
烏雞油菌的分類曾有多次改動,不論是在科或屬的層級。它們的生長地包括北美洲及東亞的溫帶針葉林。它們是可食用菌,現今也有栽種作商業用途。烏雞油菌內含生物活性的polyozellin,可以用來抑制胃癌。
歷史及分類
編輯烏雞油菌最初是於1899年由Lucien M. Underwood所描述。他將之分類為雞油菌屬中的新物種,但指它有可能是屬於另一屬。[1]於1910年,William Murrill認為烏雞油菌的蕈柄結構獨特,並將之分類在全新的Polyozellus屬中。[2]於1920年,Curtis Gates Lloyd從日本獲得的烏雞油菌標本看為另一新物種,並命名為Phyllocarbon yasudai。[3]
但是後來要到1937年在加拿大魁北克才再發現烏雞油菌的標本。[4]翌年,Paul Shope認為Polyozellus一屬是多餘的,並指烏雞油菌的孢子臺與喇叭菌屬的不謀而合。[5]於1939年,Lee Overholts指前兩名學者都忽略了Calvin Kauffman於1925年就從洛磯山脈及喀斯喀特山脈採集回來的標本的研究。[6]Calvin Kauffman相信烏雞油菌其實是生長在極端環境的陀螺菌,所以並不贊同將之分類在喇叭菌屬中。[7]Alexander H. Smith及Elizabeth Morse於1947年將烏雞油菌分類在雞油菌屬下新的Polyozellus組中,但仍指出它們有獨特於此屬的孢子。[8]
1953年,今関六也發現烏雞油菌的孢子呈亞球形及有結節,是其他雞油菌屬所沒有的。而這種特徵卻在革菌科中非常普遍,加上烏雞油菌本身也像其他革菌科般呈深色、帶有強烈的氣味及含有革菌酸,所以他建議將烏雞油菌分類在新的Phylacteriaceae科中。[9]但這建議卻未得到學界的接受,例如川村清一於1954年就將之分類在革菌屬中。[10]
於2009年,真菌索引(Index Fungorum)[11]及MycoBank[12]都將烏雞油菌列在革菌科下。[13]屬名的希臘文意思是「很多分枝」[14];種小名則指「很多塊」,是參照其複雜的子實體結構而取的。[15]
特徵
編輯烏雞油菌是一種雞油菌。[14]子實體呈扇或漏斗狀,在地上一束的生長,一束的直徑可以達1米[5][8],平均則有30厘米。[16]
個別的傘狀帽長闊各有3-5厘米,呈紫黑色,邊緣白色及藍綠色。[1]表面有多個同心的環狀絨毛,邊緣有一層纖細絨毛,帽散開及成波浪狀。底面有子實層,子實層呈薄而密的皺褶,一般呈與表面相同或較淡的顏色。[17]在不同的位點也有發現不同的顏色,例如在阿拉斯加的烏雞油菌都是呈烏黑色的,而底部呈深灰色。[18]
子實體可以高15厘米及闊10厘米。蕈柄呈深紫黑色,表面光滑無毛,且與基部融合。蕈柄闊1.5-2厘米及長達5厘米。菌髓呈深紫色,質感柔軟及易脆。孢子印是白色的。[19]
孢子接近球狀至橢圓形,表面有細小的結節覆蓋,大小約為6–8.5×5.5–8微米。[19]微觀下孢子是透明的,在氫氧化鉀下孢子會變為綠色。孢子並非澱粉質,所以在梅瑞氏染劑下不會轉變為藍色。囊狀體呈絲狀,闊3-4微米,長28-40微米。菌蓋皮層是由菌絲組床,在氫氧化鉀下會轉變為橄欖綠色。它們有扣子體,但並非所有隔膜也有。[20]孢子臺的大小為32–38×5–6微米,有四個孢子。[8]
相似物種
編輯灰喇叭菌也像烏雞油菌般有黑色的子實體及光滑的子實層,但其肉較薄,子實體呈柱狀及灰至黑色。芳香喇叭菌傾向一束生長,但卻是呈橙色而不是藍色的。[21]釘菇的形狀及形態很像烏雞油菌,但肉質較厚,且是呈淺紫色至粉紅色。[13]
生長地及分佈
編輯烏雞油菌是外生根菌的,即菌絲與植物的根部共生,而菌絲一般不會穿透根部細胞。[22][23]烏雞油菌生長在雲杉屬及冷杉屬的針葉林[24],尤其是在較高的海拔。[25]它們很多時都於夏天及冬天生長。[20]
烏雞油菌分佈在北部及山區,較少會見到。在美國緬因州、俄勒岡州、科羅拉多州及阿拉斯加、加拿大魁北克省及英屬哥倫比亞[4][8][26]、中國[27]、日本及韓國。[28]其他真菌也有類似零散的分佈。[29]烏雞油菌也有在夏洛特皇后群島培植作商業用途。[30]
用途
編輯食用
編輯烏雞油菌是可以食用的[31],在亞洲各國如韓國、日本及中國都有出售。[27]在北美洲,有時會採集它們作為娛樂[32]及商業而用途。[33]烏雞油菌的味道一般,帶有香味。[34]David Arora指它們的味道不及Craterellus。[17]子實體可以風乾保存。[24]
生物活性物質
編輯烏雞油菌可以分解出polyozellin,能抑制阿爾茨海默氏病中處理蛋白質的脯氨醯內肽酶。所以科學家都希望透過研究這些物質來發展治療方法。[35]從烏雞油菌的抽取物中發現有類似polyozellin二苯並呋喃的衍生物,包括kynapcin-12[36]、-13、-28[37]、及-24。[38]
抗腫瘤
編輯烏雞油菌的描取物具有壓抑胃癌的效用。[27][39]只要吃低濃度(約0.5-1%)的烏雞油菌抽取物,就可以促進穀胱甘肽轉硫酶及超氧化物歧化酶的活性,且可以增加穀胱甘肽的份量。這些抽取物也可以擴大腫瘤蛋白53的基因表現。腫瘤蛋白53是一種重要的抑癌基因,可以保護基因組免受破壞。[27]polyozellin也具有抗癌的特性。[40][41]
參看
編輯參考
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- ^ Stalpers J. (Curator). MycoBank: genus Polyozellus Murrill 1910. International Mycological Association. 03-09-2009 [2009-09-02]. (原始內容存檔於2011-09-30).
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