旬星

此条目介绍的是古代天文学中的时标单位。关于它们在占星术中的应用，请见“Decan (astrology)”。关于其它用途，请见“旬星 (消歧义)”。

旬星（英语：Decan，/ˈdɛkənz/；埃及语“bƫktw”或“baktiu”，“与工作有关的”）是古埃及天文学中使用的36组恒星（小星座），用于方便地将360度黄道划分为36个部分，每个部分10度，既用于神通术也用于偕日升计时学目的。在地球每天的自转过程中，每个旬星都以地心说的管道在地平线上连续升起。每个旬星 的上升标志著古埃及人夜晚新的小时（希腊语“hōra”）的开始，至少从第九或第十王朝（西元前2100年左右）开始，它们就被用作恒星钟。

埃及第十一王朝晚期棺盖上的“对角星座”；发现于埃及艾斯尤特。希尔德斯海姆罗默与佩利扎乌斯博物馆

因为每十天也会出现一个新的旬星（也就是说，每十天，在太阳升起前的黎明时分，在一段时间被太阳的光线遮挡后，一组新的旬星恒星群会在东方天空中重新出现），古希腊人称之为“decanoi”（δεκανοί; pl. of δεκανός“dekanos”）或“十分之一”。

根据星座的拟人化模式，旬星让位于27或28个月球站。

旬星的名字

西方的黄道带	旬星	由于岁差导致旬星在古代的原始位置	古埃及 （巴奇）	希腊-埃及	《所罗门之约》	阿里斯托布鲁斯的名称	希腊 赫密士主义	拉丁赫密士主义	费尔米库斯	科斯马斯	斯卡利杰	基尔学
Aries	1	28	Khent-kheru	ⲭⲟⲛⲧⲁⲣⲉ Χont-har	Rhyax or Ruax	Bendonc	Chenlachori	Aulathamas	Senator or Asiccan	Aidoneus	Asiccan	Arueris (ⲁⲣⲟⲩⲉⲣⲓⲥ)
	2	29	Qeṭ	ⲭⲟⲛⲧⲁⲭⲣⲉ Xont-χre	Barsafael	Mensour	Chontaret	Sabaoth	Senacher or Asenter	Persephone	Senacher	Anubis (ⲁⲛⲟⲩⲃ)
	3	30	Sasaqeṭ	ⲥⲓⲕⲉⲧ Si-ket	Artosael or Arôtosael	Carexon	Siket	Disornafais	Sentacher or Asentacer	Eros	Acentacer	Horus (ⲱⲣⲟⲥ)
Taurus	4	31	Ārt	ⲭⲱⲟⲩ Xau	Horopel	Gisan	Soou	Jaus	Suo or Asicat	Charis	Asicath	Serapis (ⲥⲉⲣⲁⲡⲓⲥ)
	5	32	Khau	ⲉⲣⲱ, ⲁⲣⲟⲩ Arat	Kairoxanondalon or Iudal	Tourtour	Aron	Sarnotois	Aryo or Ason	die Horen	Viroaso	Helitomenos (ⲉⲗⲓⲧⲟⲙⲉⲛⲟⲥ)
	6	33	Remen-ḥeru-an-Saḥ	ⲣⲉⲙⲉⲛⲁⲁⲣⲉ Remen-hare	Sphendonael	Ballat	Rhomenos	Erchmubris	Romanae or Arfa	Litai	Aharph	Apopis (ⲁⲡⲱⲡⲓⲥ)
Gemini	7	34	Mestcher-Saḥ	ⲑⲟⲥⲟⲗⲕ Θosalk	Sphandor	Farsan	Xocha	Manuchos	Thesogar or Tensogar	Thetys	Thesogar	Tautus (ⲧⲟⲟⲩⲑ)
	8	35	Remen-kher-Saḥ	ⲟⲩⲁⲣⲉ Uaret	Belbel	Vaspan	Ouari	Samurois	Ver or Asuae	Kybele	Verasua	Cyclops (ⲕⲟⲩⲕⲗⲟⲯ)
	9	36	A-Saḥ	Phu-hor	Kourtael or Kurtaêl	Parquia	Pepisoth	Azuel	Tepis or Atosoae	Praxidike	Tepisatosoa	Titan (ⲧⲓⲧⲁⲛ)
		37	Saḥ
Cancer	10	1 (= 0' Cancer)	Sepṭet	ⲥⲱⲑⲓⲥ Sopdet	Metathiax	Panem	Sotheir	Seneptois	Sothis or Socius	Nike	Sothis	Apollun (ⲁⲡⲟⲗⲗⲟⲩⲛ)
	11	2	Ṭepā-Kenmut	ⲥⲓⲧ Seta	Katanikotael	Catarno	Ouphisit	Somachalmais	Sith	Herakles	Syth	Hecate (ⲉⲕⲁⲧⲏ)
	12	3	Kenmut	F45A ⲭⲛⲟⲩⲙⲓⲥ Knum	Saphthorael or Saphathoraél	Hellors	Chnouphos	Charmine	Thiumis or Thumus	Hekate	Thuimis	Mercophta (ⲙⲉⲣⲕⲟⲫϯ)
Leo	13	4	K? Kher-khept-Kenmut	ⲭⲁⲣⲭⲛⲟⲩⲙⲓⲥ Χar-Knum	Phobothel or Bobêl	Jarea	Chnoumos	Zaloias	Craumonis or Afruicois	Hephaistos	Aphruimis	Typhon (ⲧⲟⲩⲫⲱⲉⲟⲩⲥ)
	14	5	Ḥā-tchat	ⲏⲧⲏⲧ Ha-tet	Leroel or Kumeatêl	Effraa	Ipi	Zachor	Sic	Isis	Sithacer	Peroeus (ⲡⲉⲣⲟⲉⲟⲩⲥ)
	15	6	Peḥui-tchat	ⲫⲟⲩⲧⲏⲧ Phu-Tet	Soubetti	Hayas	Phatiti	Frich	Futile or Eisie	Sarapis	Phuonisie	Nephthe (ⲛⲉⲫⲑⲏ)
Virgo	16	7	Themat-ḥert	ⲧⲱⲙ Tom	Katrax or Atrax	Angaf	Athoum	Zamendres	Thumis or Thinnis	Themis	Thumi	Isis (ⲓⲥⲓⲥ)
	17	8	Themat-khert	ⲟⲩⲉⲥⲧⲉ—ⲃⲓⲕⲱⲧⲓ Uste-bikot	Jeropa or Ieropaêl	Bethapen	Brysous	Magois	Tophicus or Tropicus	Moirai	Thopitus	Piosiris (ⲡⲓⲟⲥⲓⲣⲓⲥ)
	18	9	G? Usthȧ	ⲁⲫⲟⲥⲟ Aposot	Modobel or Buldumêch	Baroche	Amphatham	Michulais	Afut or Asuth	Hestia	Aphut	Cronus (ⲕⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ)
Libra	19	10	Bekathȧ	ⲥⲟⲩⲭⲱⲥ Sob‿χos	Madero or Naôth	Zercuris	Sphoukou	Psineus	Seuichut or Senichut	Erinys	Serucuth	Zeuda (ⲍⲉⲟⲩⲇⲁ)
	20	11	Ṭepā-khentet	ⲧⲡⲏⲭⲟⲛⲧⲓ Tpa-χont	Nathotho or Marderô	Baham	Nephthimes	Chusthisis	Sepisent or Atebenus	Kairos	Aterechinis	Omphta (ⲟⲙⲫϯ)
	21	12	Khentet-ḥert	ⲭⲟⲛⲧⲁⲣⲉ Xont-har	Alath	Pieret	Phou	Psamiatois	Senta or Atepiten	Loimos	Arpien	Ophionius (ⲟⲫⲓⲟⲛⲓⲟⲥ)
Scorpio	22	13	Khentet-khert	ⲭⲟⲛⲧⲁⲭⲣⲉ Spt-χne	Audameoth	Haziza	Name	Necbeuos	Sentacer or Asente	Nymphs	Sentacer	Arimanius (ⲁⲣⲓⲙⲁⲛⲓⲟⲥ)
	23	14	Themes-en-khentet	. . . . . . Sesme	Nefthada	Nacy	Oustichos	Turmantis	Tepsisen or Asentatir	Leto	Tepiseuth	Merota (ⲙⲉⲣⲱϯ)
	24	15	Sapt-khennu	ⲥⲡⲧⲭⲛⲉ Si-sesme	Akton	Alleinac	Aphebis	Psermes	Sentineu or Aterceni(-cem)	Kairos (repeated)	Senicer	Panotragus (ⲡⲁⲛⲟⲧⲣⲁⲅⲟⲥ)
Sagittarius	25	16	Ḥer-ab-uȧa	ʿⲣⲏⲟⲩⲱ Hre-ua	Anatreth	Ortusa	Sebos	Clinothois	Eregbuo or Ergbuo	Loimos (repeated)	Eregbuo	Tolmophta (ⲧⲟⲗⲙⲟⲫϯ)
	26	17	?? Shesmu	ⲥⲉⲥⲙⲉ, ⲥⲓⲥⲉⲥⲙⲉ Sesme	Enautha or Enenuth	Daha	Teuchmos	Thursois	Sagon	Kore	Sagen	Tomras (ⲧⲟⲙⲣⲁⲥ)
	27	18	Kenmu	ⲕⲟⲛⲓⲙⲉ Konime	Axesbyth or Phêth	Satan	Chthisar	Renethis	Chenene or Chenem	Ananke	Chenen	Teraph (ⲧⲉⲣⲁⲫ)
Capricorn	28	19	Semṭet	ⲥⲙⲁⲧ Smat	Hapax or Harpax	Eracto	Tair	Renpsois	Themeso	Asklepios	Themeso	Soda (ⲥⲱⲇⲁ)
	29	20	Ṭepā-semṭ	. . . . . . . . Srat	Anoster	Salac	Epitek	Manethois	Epiemu or Epimen	Hygieia	Epima	Riruphta (ⲣⲓⲣⲟⲩⲫϯ)
	30	21	Sert	ⲥⲣⲱ Si-srat	Physikoreth or Alleborith	Seros	Epichnaus	Marcois	Omot	Tolma	Homoth	Monuphta (ⲙⲟⲛⲟⲩⲫϯ)
Aquarius	31	22	Sasa-sert	ⲥⲓⲥⲣⲱ Tpa-χu	Aleureth or Hephesimireth	Tonghel	Isi	Ularis	Oro or Asoer	Dike	Oroasoer	Brondeus (ⲃⲣⲟⲛⲇⲉⲟⲩⲥ)
	32	23	K? Kher-khept-sert	. . . . . . . . Xu	Ichthion	Anafa	Sosomo	Luxois	Cratero or Astiro	Phobos	Astiro	Vucula (ⲃⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩⲗⲁ)
	33	24	Khukhu	ⲧⲡⲏⲭⲩ Tpa-Biu	Achoneoth or Agchoniôn	Simos	Chonoumous	Crauxes	Tepis or Amasiero	Osiris	Tepisatras	Proteus (ⲡⲣⲟⲧⲉⲟⲩⲥ)
Pisces	34	25	Baba	ⲭⲩ Biu	Autoth or Autothith	Achaf	Tetimo	Fambais	Acha or Atapiac	Okeanos	Archatapias	Rephan (ⲣⲉⲫⲁⲛ)
	35	26	Khent-ḥeru	ⲧⲡⲏⲃⲓⲟⲩ Xont-Har	Phtheneoth or Phthenoth	Larvata	Sopphi	Flugmois	Tepibui or Tepabiu	Dolus	Thopibui	Sourut (ⲥⲟⲟⲩⲣⲟⲩⲧ)
	36	27	Ḥer-ȧb-khentu	ⲃⲓⲟⲩ, ⲧⲡⲓⲃⲓⲟⲩ Tpi-biu	Bianakith	Ajaras	Syro	Piatris	Uiu or Aatexbui	Elpis	Atembui	Phallophorus (ⲫⲁⲗⲗⲟⲫⲟⲣⲟⲥ)

古印度

主条目：Drekkana

在印度，将黄道带划分为36个十度部分被称为drekkana（drekkāṇa）、dreshkana（drekkana）或drikana（dṛkā̇a）。

德雷卡纳斯（英语：drekkanas）的肖像和使用最早由舒吉迪瓦亚在亚瓦纳贾塔卡中提及（269–270 CE），伐罗诃密希罗在他的布里哈特 · 萨希塔中给予了详细的论述and（550 CE）。现代学者认为，旬星是通过希腊人传入印度的，希腊人是从埃及人那里了解到它们的。

相关条目

• 星群
• 塞南穆特墓的天文天花板
• 贝霍尼亚恒星
• 生肖纪年
• 费拉拉的斯齐法诺亚宫
• 对天体的崇拜

参考资料

引用作品

• Budge, E. A. Wallis. The gods of the Egyptians; or, Studies in Egyptian mythology. Chicago: Open Court Publishing Co. 1904. 
• Conybeare, Frederick Cornwallis (tr.). The Testament of Solomon. The Jewish Quarterly Review. October 1898, XI (1): 1–45. JSTOR 1450398. doi:10.2307/1450398. 
• Gundel, Wilhelm. Dekane und Dekansterbilder. Glückstadt and Hamburg: J. J. Augustin. 1936. 
• Hermes Trismegistus. Hand, Robert , 编. Hermes: Liber Hermetis Part I and Part II. 由Robert Zoller翻译 1st. Berkeley Springs, WV: Golden Hind Press. 1993. 
• Julius Firmicus Maternus. Kroll, W.; Skutsch, F. , 编. Matheseos libri VIII. Stuttgart: Teubner. 1968 [336].  2 vols.
• Keyser, Paul; Scarborough, John. The Oxford Handbook of Science and Medicine in the Classical World. Oxford University Press. 2018. ISBN 978-0190878832. 
• Kircher, Athanasius. Oedipus Aegyptiacus. Italy: Vitale Mascardi. 1652. 
• Michio, Yano. Bukkyō tenbugaku-senseijutsu no zuzō gakuteki junmen: sanjū rokkin to Dekan. Dōshisha daigaku rikō kenkyū hōkoku. 2008, 48 (4): 1–6. 
• Neugebauer, Otto. The Exact Sciences in Antiquity 2nd. Dover Publications. 1969 [1957]. ISBN 978-0-486-22332-2. 
• Neugebauer, Otto. The Egyptian 'Decans'. Astronomy and History: Selected Essays. New York: Springer. 1983: 205–209 [1955]. ISBN 978-0-387-90844-1. doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-5559-8. 
• Pingree, David. The Indian Iconography of the decans and Horas. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 1963, 26 (3/4): 223–254. JSTOR 750493. S2CID 194974629. doi:10.2307/750493. 
• Priskin, Gyula. The Astral Myth of Osiris: the Decans of Taurus and Libra (PDF). ENiM. 2016, (9): 79–111 [2021-07-08]. 
• Ptolemy. Tetrabiblos. Book I Part 18. 由Frank Egleston Robbins翻译. Cambridge, MA: Loeb. 1940. 
• Ruelle, C. E. Hermès Trismégiste: Le Livré Sacre sur les Décans: Texte, variantes et traduction française. Revue de Philologie. October 1908, 32 (4): 247–277. 
• Symons, S. L. A Star's Year: The Annual Cycle in the Ancient Egyptian Sky. Steele, J. M. (编). Calendars and Years: Astronomy and Time in the Ancient World. Oxford: Oxbow Books. 2007: 1–33. ISBN 978-1842173022. （原始内容存档于2013-06-15）. 
• Symons, S. L.; et al. Diagonal Star Tables. Ancient Egyptian Astronomy (Online database). 2013. 
• van der Waerden, B. L. Babylonian Astronomy. II. The Thirty-Six Stars. Journal of Near Eastern Studies. January 1949, 8 (1): 6–26. JSTOR 542436. S2CID 222443741. doi:10.1086/370901. The property of the Chaldean Decans that one of them rose every ten days made them fit to be assimilated to the Egyptian decans. This assimilation was performed in the decan lists of Hellenistic astrology. 
• von Bomhard, Anna-Sophie. The Egyptian Calendar: A Work for Eternity. London: Periplus. 1999. 

进阶读物

• Christian, Paul. The Thirty-Six Decans. The History and Practice of Magic. Citadel. 1969: 476–478 [1870]. 
• Symons, Sarah. Egyptian 'Star Clocks'. Ruggles, Clive L.N. (编). Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy. New York: Springer. 2014: 1495–1500. ISBN 978-1-4614-6140-1. 

外部链接

• Ancient Egyptian Astronomy Database (Symons, Cockcroft, Bettencourt & Koykka, 2013)
• Egypt Astronomy/Astrology: The decans