旬星

此條目介紹的是古代天文學中的時標單位。關於它們在占星術中的應用，請見「Decan (astrology)」。關於其它用途，請見「旬星 (消歧義)」。

旬星（英語：Decan，/ˈdɛkənz/；埃及語「bƫktw」或「baktiu」，「與工作有關的」）是古埃及天文學中使用的36組恆星（小星座），用於方便地將360度黃道劃分為36個部分，每個部分10度，既用於神通術也用於偕日升計時學目的。在地球每天的自轉過程中，每個旬星都以地心說的管道在地平線上連續升起。每個旬星 的上升標誌著古埃及人夜晚新的小時（希臘語「hōra」）的開始，至少從第九或第十王朝（西元前2100年左右）開始，它們就被用作恆星鐘。

埃及第十一王朝晚期棺蓋上的「對角星座」；發現於埃及艾斯尤特。希爾德斯海姆羅默與佩利紮烏斯博物館

因為每十天也會出現一個新的旬星（也就是說，每十天，在太陽升起前的黎明時分，在一段時間被太陽的光線遮擋後，一組新的旬星恆星群會在東方天空中重新出現），古希臘人稱之為「decanoi」（δεκανοί; pl. of δεκανός「dekanos」）或「十分之一」。

根據星座的擬人化模式，旬星讓位於27或28個月球站。

旬星的名字

西方的黃道帶	旬星	由於歲差導致旬星在古代的原始位置	古埃及 （巴奇）	希臘-埃及	《所羅門之約》	阿里斯托布魯斯的名稱	希臘 赫密士主義	拉丁赫密士主義	費爾米庫斯	科斯馬斯	斯卡利傑	基爾學
Aries	1	28	Khent-kheru	ⲭⲟⲛⲧⲁⲣⲉ Χont-har	Rhyax or Ruax	Bendonc	Chenlachori	Aulathamas	Senator or Asiccan	Aidoneus	Asiccan	Arueris (ⲁⲣⲟⲩⲉⲣⲓⲥ)
	2	29	Qeṭ	ⲭⲟⲛⲧⲁⲭⲣⲉ Xont-χre	Barsafael	Mensour	Chontaret	Sabaoth	Senacher or Asenter	Persephone	Senacher	Anubis (ⲁⲛⲟⲩⲃ)
	3	30	Sasaqeṭ	ⲥⲓⲕⲉⲧ Si-ket	Artosael or Arôtosael	Carexon	Siket	Disornafais	Sentacher or Asentacer	Eros	Acentacer	Horus (ⲱⲣⲟⲥ)
Taurus	4	31	Ārt	ⲭⲱⲟⲩ Xau	Horopel	Gisan	Soou	Jaus	Suo or Asicat	Charis	Asicath	Serapis (ⲥⲉⲣⲁⲡⲓⲥ)
	5	32	Khau	ⲉⲣⲱ, ⲁⲣⲟⲩ Arat	Kairoxanondalon or Iudal	Tourtour	Aron	Sarnotois	Aryo or Ason	die Horen	Viroaso	Helitomenos (ⲉⲗⲓⲧⲟⲙⲉⲛⲟⲥ)
	6	33	Remen-ḥeru-an-Saḥ	ⲣⲉⲙⲉⲛⲁⲁⲣⲉ Remen-hare	Sphendonael	Ballat	Rhomenos	Erchmubris	Romanae or Arfa	Litai	Aharph	Apopis (ⲁⲡⲱⲡⲓⲥ)
Gemini	7	34	Mestcher-Saḥ	ⲑⲟⲥⲟⲗⲕ Θosalk	Sphandor	Farsan	Xocha	Manuchos	Thesogar or Tensogar	Thetys	Thesogar	Tautus (ⲧⲟⲟⲩⲑ)
	8	35	Remen-kher-Saḥ	ⲟⲩⲁⲣⲉ Uaret	Belbel	Vaspan	Ouari	Samurois	Ver or Asuae	Kybele	Verasua	Cyclops (ⲕⲟⲩⲕⲗⲟⲯ)
	9	36	A-Saḥ	Phu-hor	Kourtael or Kurtaêl	Parquia	Pepisoth	Azuel	Tepis or Atosoae	Praxidike	Tepisatosoa	Titan (ⲧⲓⲧⲁⲛ)
		37	Saḥ
Cancer	10	1 (= 0' Cancer)	Sepṭet	ⲥⲱⲑⲓⲥ Sopdet	Metathiax	Panem	Sotheir	Seneptois	Sothis or Socius	Nike	Sothis	Apollun (ⲁⲡⲟⲗⲗⲟⲩⲛ)
	11	2	Ṭepā-Kenmut	ⲥⲓⲧ Seta	Katanikotael	Catarno	Ouphisit	Somachalmais	Sith	Herakles	Syth	Hecate (ⲉⲕⲁⲧⲏ)
	12	3	Kenmut	F45A ⲭⲛⲟⲩⲙⲓⲥ Knum	Saphthorael or Saphathoraél	Hellors	Chnouphos	Charmine	Thiumis or Thumus	Hekate	Thuimis	Mercophta (ⲙⲉⲣⲕⲟⲫϯ)
Leo	13	4	K? Kher-khept-Kenmut	ⲭⲁⲣⲭⲛⲟⲩⲙⲓⲥ Χar-Knum	Phobothel or Bobêl	Jarea	Chnoumos	Zaloias	Craumonis or Afruicois	Hephaistos	Aphruimis	Typhon (ⲧⲟⲩⲫⲱⲉⲟⲩⲥ)
	14	5	Ḥā-tchat	ⲏⲧⲏⲧ Ha-tet	Leroel or Kumeatêl	Effraa	Ipi	Zachor	Sic	Isis	Sithacer	Peroeus (ⲡⲉⲣⲟⲉⲟⲩⲥ)
	15	6	Peḥui-tchat	ⲫⲟⲩⲧⲏⲧ Phu-Tet	Soubetti	Hayas	Phatiti	Frich	Futile or Eisie	Sarapis	Phuonisie	Nephthe (ⲛⲉⲫⲑⲏ)
Virgo	16	7	Themat-ḥert	ⲧⲱⲙ Tom	Katrax or Atrax	Angaf	Athoum	Zamendres	Thumis or Thinnis	Themis	Thumi	Isis (ⲓⲥⲓⲥ)
	17	8	Themat-khert	ⲟⲩⲉⲥⲧⲉ—ⲃⲓⲕⲱⲧⲓ Uste-bikot	Jeropa or Ieropaêl	Bethapen	Brysous	Magois	Tophicus or Tropicus	Moirai	Thopitus	Piosiris (ⲡⲓⲟⲥⲓⲣⲓⲥ)
	18	9	G? Usthȧ	ⲁⲫⲟⲥⲟ Aposot	Modobel or Buldumêch	Baroche	Amphatham	Michulais	Afut or Asuth	Hestia	Aphut	Cronus (ⲕⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ)
Libra	19	10	Bekathȧ	ⲥⲟⲩⲭⲱⲥ Sob‿χos	Madero or Naôth	Zercuris	Sphoukou	Psineus	Seuichut or Senichut	Erinys	Serucuth	Zeuda (ⲍⲉⲟⲩⲇⲁ)
	20	11	Ṭepā-khentet	ⲧⲡⲏⲭⲟⲛⲧⲓ Tpa-χont	Nathotho or Marderô	Baham	Nephthimes	Chusthisis	Sepisent or Atebenus	Kairos	Aterechinis	Omphta (ⲟⲙⲫϯ)
	21	12	Khentet-ḥert	ⲭⲟⲛⲧⲁⲣⲉ Xont-har	Alath	Pieret	Phou	Psamiatois	Senta or Atepiten	Loimos	Arpien	Ophionius (ⲟⲫⲓⲟⲛⲓⲟⲥ)
Scorpio	22	13	Khentet-khert	ⲭⲟⲛⲧⲁⲭⲣⲉ Spt-χne	Audameoth	Haziza	Name	Necbeuos	Sentacer or Asente	Nymphs	Sentacer	Arimanius (ⲁⲣⲓⲙⲁⲛⲓⲟⲥ)
	23	14	Themes-en-khentet	. . . . . . Sesme	Nefthada	Nacy	Oustichos	Turmantis	Tepsisen or Asentatir	Leto	Tepiseuth	Merota (ⲙⲉⲣⲱϯ)
	24	15	Sapt-khennu	ⲥⲡⲧⲭⲛⲉ Si-sesme	Akton	Alleinac	Aphebis	Psermes	Sentineu or Aterceni(-cem)	Kairos (repeated)	Senicer	Panotragus (ⲡⲁⲛⲟⲧⲣⲁⲅⲟⲥ)
Sagittarius	25	16	Ḥer-ab-uȧa	ʿⲣⲏⲟⲩⲱ Hre-ua	Anatreth	Ortusa	Sebos	Clinothois	Eregbuo or Ergbuo	Loimos (repeated)	Eregbuo	Tolmophta (ⲧⲟⲗⲙⲟⲫϯ)
	26	17	?? Shesmu	ⲥⲉⲥⲙⲉ, ⲥⲓⲥⲉⲥⲙⲉ Sesme	Enautha or Enenuth	Daha	Teuchmos	Thursois	Sagon	Kore	Sagen	Tomras (ⲧⲟⲙⲣⲁⲥ)
	27	18	Kenmu	ⲕⲟⲛⲓⲙⲉ Konime	Axesbyth or Phêth	Satan	Chthisar	Renethis	Chenene or Chenem	Ananke	Chenen	Teraph (ⲧⲉⲣⲁⲫ)
Capricorn	28	19	Semṭet	ⲥⲙⲁⲧ Smat	Hapax or Harpax	Eracto	Tair	Renpsois	Themeso	Asklepios	Themeso	Soda (ⲥⲱⲇⲁ)
	29	20	Ṭepā-semṭ	. . . . . . . . Srat	Anoster	Salac	Epitek	Manethois	Epiemu or Epimen	Hygieia	Epima	Riruphta (ⲣⲓⲣⲟⲩⲫϯ)
	30	21	Sert	ⲥⲣⲱ Si-srat	Physikoreth or Alleborith	Seros	Epichnaus	Marcois	Omot	Tolma	Homoth	Monuphta (ⲙⲟⲛⲟⲩⲫϯ)
Aquarius	31	22	Sasa-sert	ⲥⲓⲥⲣⲱ Tpa-χu	Aleureth or Hephesimireth	Tonghel	Isi	Ularis	Oro or Asoer	Dike	Oroasoer	Brondeus (ⲃⲣⲟⲛⲇⲉⲟⲩⲥ)
	32	23	K? Kher-khept-sert	. . . . . . . . Xu	Ichthion	Anafa	Sosomo	Luxois	Cratero or Astiro	Phobos	Astiro	Vucula (ⲃⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩⲗⲁ)
	33	24	Khukhu	ⲧⲡⲏⲭⲩ Tpa-Biu	Achoneoth or Agchoniôn	Simos	Chonoumous	Crauxes	Tepis or Amasiero	Osiris	Tepisatras	Proteus (ⲡⲣⲟⲧⲉⲟⲩⲥ)
Pisces	34	25	Baba	ⲭⲩ Biu	Autoth or Autothith	Achaf	Tetimo	Fambais	Acha or Atapiac	Okeanos	Archatapias	Rephan (ⲣⲉⲫⲁⲛ)
	35	26	Khent-ḥeru	ⲧⲡⲏⲃⲓⲟⲩ Xont-Har	Phtheneoth or Phthenoth	Larvata	Sopphi	Flugmois	Tepibui or Tepabiu	Dolus	Thopibui	Sourut (ⲥⲟⲟⲩⲣⲟⲩⲧ)
	36	27	Ḥer-ȧb-khentu	ⲃⲓⲟⲩ, ⲧⲡⲓⲃⲓⲟⲩ Tpi-biu	Bianakith	Ajaras	Syro	Piatris	Uiu or Aatexbui	Elpis	Atembui	Phallophorus (ⲫⲁⲗⲗⲟⲫⲟⲣⲟⲥ)

古印度

主條目：Drekkana

在印度，將黃道帶劃分為36個十度部分被稱為drekkana（drekkāṇa）、dreshkana（drekkana）或drikana（dṛkā̇a）。

德雷卡納斯（英語：drekkanas）的肖像和使用最早由舒吉迪瓦亞在亞瓦納賈塔卡中提及（269–270 CE），伐羅訶密希羅在他的布里哈特 · 薩希塔中給予了詳細的論述and（550 CE）。現代學者認為，旬星是通過希臘人傳入印度的，希臘人是從埃及人那裡瞭解到它們的。

相關條目

• 星群
• 塞南穆特墓的天文天花板
• 貝霍尼亞恆星
• 生肖紀年
• 費拉拉的斯齊法諾亞宮
• 對天體的崇拜

參考資料

引用作品

• Budge, E. A. Wallis. The gods of the Egyptians; or, Studies in Egyptian mythology. Chicago: Open Court Publishing Co. 1904. 
• Conybeare, Frederick Cornwallis (tr.). The Testament of Solomon. The Jewish Quarterly Review. October 1898, XI (1): 1–45. JSTOR 1450398. doi:10.2307/1450398. 
• Gundel, Wilhelm. Dekane und Dekansterbilder. Glückstadt and Hamburg: J. J. Augustin. 1936. 
• Hermes Trismegistus. Hand, Robert , 編. Hermes: Liber Hermetis Part I and Part II. 由Robert Zoller翻譯 1st. Berkeley Springs, WV: Golden Hind Press. 1993. 
• Julius Firmicus Maternus. Kroll, W.; Skutsch, F. , 編. Matheseos libri VIII. Stuttgart: Teubner. 1968 [336].  2 vols.
• Keyser, Paul; Scarborough, John. The Oxford Handbook of Science and Medicine in the Classical World. Oxford University Press. 2018. ISBN 978-0190878832. 
• Kircher, Athanasius. Oedipus Aegyptiacus. Italy: Vitale Mascardi. 1652. 
• Michio, Yano. Bukkyō tenbugaku-senseijutsu no zuzō gakuteki junmen: sanjū rokkin to Dekan. Dōshisha daigaku rikō kenkyū hōkoku. 2008, 48 (4): 1–6. 
• Neugebauer, Otto. The Exact Sciences in Antiquity 2nd. Dover Publications. 1969 [1957]. ISBN 978-0-486-22332-2. 
• Neugebauer, Otto. The Egyptian 'Decans'. Astronomy and History: Selected Essays. New York: Springer. 1983: 205–209 [1955]. ISBN 978-0-387-90844-1. doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-5559-8. 
• Pingree, David. The Indian Iconography of the decans and Horas. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 1963, 26 (3/4): 223–254. JSTOR 750493. S2CID 194974629. doi:10.2307/750493. 
• Priskin, Gyula. The Astral Myth of Osiris: the Decans of Taurus and Libra (PDF). ENiM. 2016, (9): 79–111 [2021-07-08]. 
• Ptolemy. Tetrabiblos. Book I Part 18. 由Frank Egleston Robbins翻譯. Cambridge, MA: Loeb. 1940. 
• Ruelle, C. E. Hermès Trismégiste: Le Livré Sacre sur les Décans: Texte, variantes et traduction française. Revue de Philologie. October 1908, 32 (4): 247–277. 
• Symons, S. L. A Star's Year: The Annual Cycle in the Ancient Egyptian Sky. Steele, J. M. (編). Calendars and Years: Astronomy and Time in the Ancient World. Oxford: Oxbow Books. 2007: 1–33. ISBN 978-1842173022. （原始內容存檔於2013-06-15）. 
• Symons, S. L.; et al. Diagonal Star Tables. Ancient Egyptian Astronomy (Online database). 2013. 
• van der Waerden, B. L. Babylonian Astronomy. II. The Thirty-Six Stars. Journal of Near Eastern Studies. January 1949, 8 (1): 6–26. JSTOR 542436. S2CID 222443741. doi:10.1086/370901. The property of the Chaldean Decans that one of them rose every ten days made them fit to be assimilated to the Egyptian decans. This assimilation was performed in the decan lists of Hellenistic astrology. 
• von Bomhard, Anna-Sophie. The Egyptian Calendar: A Work for Eternity. London: Periplus. 1999. 

進階讀物

• Christian, Paul. The Thirty-Six Decans. The History and Practice of Magic. Citadel. 1969: 476–478 [1870]. 
• Symons, Sarah. Egyptian 'Star Clocks'. Ruggles, Clive L.N. (編). Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy. New York: Springer. 2014: 1495–1500. ISBN 978-1-4614-6140-1. 

外部連結

• Ancient Egyptian Astronomy Database (Symons, Cockcroft, Bettencourt & Koykka, 2013)
• Egypt Astronomy/Astrology: The decans