双灵
双灵(英语:Two-spirit或two spirit、twospirited等)是一个现代泛北美原住民的概括性词汇,被一些北美原住民用来描述社区中满足传统第三性别(或其他性别变体)的原住民人在他们的文化中的礼仪和社会角色。[1][2][3]
双灵一词是在 1990 年在温尼伯举行的原住民男女同性恋国际聚会上创造的,“专门用来区分美洲原住民/第一民族与非原住民并使其保持距离。”[4] 创造一个“双灵”的主要目的是新术语是为了鼓励替换过时且被认为具有冒犯性的人类学术语 berdache。[5] 这个新术语没有被普遍接受—它被一些传统社区批评为抹除传统的术语,因为他们已经对被分组在这个新术语下的人有自己的术语,也被那些拒绝他们所谓的“西方”的人批评二元含义,例如暗示原住民人相信这些人“既是男性又是女性”[4]—它通常比它所取代的人类学术语得到更多的接受和使用。[6][5][7]
“双灵”并不打算与“LGBT美洲原住民”或“(男)同性恋印地安人”互相替代[2];相反,它是用英语创作的(然后被翻译作“Ojibwe”),作为泛北美原住民的统称词汇,用于一般受众,而不是原住民语言中的传统术语,用于表示多样化的、特定于文化的仪式和社会角色,这些角色可能会有很大差异(如果它们存在的话)。[1][2][4] 对于这一目标是否成功,众说纷纭。[4][8] 决定采用这个新术语也是为了与非本土同性恋者保持距离[9],因为双灵的术语和身份“没有意义”,除非它被置于本土语境中美国或原住民框架和传统文化理解。[3][10][11] 然而,传统上由美国原住民和加拿大原住民所体现的性别不顺从、LGBT 或第三和第四性别礼仪角色,旨在成为两种精神的现代统称词汇,可能会有很大差异,即使在接受英语术语。没有一个美洲原住民/第一民族文化的性别或性取向类别适用于所有,甚至大多数这些文化。[4][8]
台湾原住民族群类似概念
编辑台湾原住民族也有近似双灵的概念。泰雅族对于性别气质不符合生理性别者,会被认为是心里住著不同的一个人,而这类特别的人会被认为是具有巫灵体质,因此在部落之中受到尊重和敬畏[12],太鲁阁族语称为“hagay”,指的是“有阴性气质之生理男性”,擅长表演,婚丧喜庆需要他们[13],来自某些部落的口传故事,原先hagay是某位男性的名字,因为他会表演,又擅长模仿女性,于是将hagay形容为阴性特质的男性[14][15]。
注释
编辑- ^ 1.0 1.1 Estrada, Gabriel. Two Spirits, Nádleeh, and LGBTQ2 Navajo Gaze. American Indian Culture and Research Journal. 2011, 35 (4): 167–190 [2022-01-05]. doi:10.17953/aicr.35.4.x500172017344j30. (原始内容存档于2023-06-04).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 A Spirit of Belonging, Inside and Out. The New York Times. 8 Oct 2006 [28 July 2016]. (原始内容存档于2018-09-03).
'The elders will tell you the difference between a gay Indian and a Two-Spirit,' [Criddle] said, underscoring the idea that simply being gay and Indian does not make someone a Two-Spirit.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Pruden, Harlan; Edmo, Se-ah-dom. Two-Spirit People: Sex, Gender & Sexuality in Historic and Contemporary Native America (PDF). National Congress of American Indians Policy Research Center. 2016 [2022-01-05]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-07-17).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 de Vries, Kylan Mattias. Berdache (Two-Spirit). O'Brien, Jodi (编). Encyclopedia of gender and society. Los Angeles: SAGE. 2009: 64 [6 March 2015]. ISBN 9781412909167. (原始内容存档于2015-05-01).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 "Two Spirit 101 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2014-12-10." at NativeOut: "The Two Spirit term was adopted in 1990 at an Indigenous lesbian and gay international gathering to encourage the replacement of the term berdache, which means, 'passive partner in sodomy, boy prostitute.'" Accessed 23 Sep 2015
- ^ Pember, Mary Annette. 'Two Spirit' Tradition Far From Ubiquitous Among Tribes. Rewire. Oct 13, 2016 [Oct 17, 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-10-19).
Non-Native anthropologist Will Roscoe gets much of the public credit for coining the term two spirit. However, according to Kristopher Kohl Miner of the Ho-Chunk Nation, Native people such as anthropologist Dr. Wesley Thomas of the Dine or Navajo tribe also contributed to its creation. (Thomas is a professor in the School of Dine and Law Studies.)
- ^ Medicine, Beatrice. Directions in Gender Research in American Indian Societies: Two Spirits and Other Categories. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture (International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology). August 2002, 3 (1): 7 [2016-06-25]. ISSN 2307-0919. doi:10.9707/2307-0919.1024 . (原始内容存档于2012-12-08).
At the Wenner Gren conference on gender held in Chicago, May, 1994... the gay American Indian and Alaska Native males agreed to use the term "Two Spirit" to replace the controversial "berdache" term. The stated objective was to purge the older term from anthropological literature as it was seen as demeaning and not reflective of Native categories. Unfortunately, the term "berdache" has also been incorporated in the psychology and women studies domains, so the task for the affected group to purge the term looms large and may be formidable.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Pember, Mary Annette. 'Two Spirit' Tradition Far From Ubiquitous Among Tribes. Rewire. Oct 13, 2016 [October 17, 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-10-19).
- ^ Jacobs,Thomas & Lang (1997), pp. 2–3, 221
- ^ A Spirit of Belonging, Inside and Out. The New York Times. 8 Oct 2006 [28 July 2016]. (原始内容存档于2018-09-03).
- ^ Vowel, Chelsea. All My Queer Relations - Language, Culture, and Two-Spirit Identity. Indigenous Writes: A Guide to First Nations, Métis & Inuit Issues in Canada. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: Highwater Press. 2016. ISBN 978-1553796800.
- ^ 原住民族青年陣線支持多元成家聲明. [2016-06-24]. (原始内容存档于2019-11-30).
- ^ 【東冬侯溫專訪(上)】大膽觸探禁忌,返鄉創作要當自己的守護靈. [2023-11-23]. (原始内容存档于2023-11-23).
- ^ 山海迷障:原住民酷兒的寫實轉向. [2023-11-23]. (原始内容存档于2023-12-11).
- ^ 從祭儀文化遇見《遊林驚夢》. [2023-11-23]. (原始内容存档于2023-11-23).
- ^ 玛达拉.达努巴克. 在處境脈絡中的認識原住民性別. [2016-11-17]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-02).
外部链接
编辑- The Two-Spirit Tradition,Androgyne Online提供之文章。
- 美纳瓦侯自治区立法限定婚姻定义 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),同志新闻通讯社2005/04/29PC综合外电报导