缰核
缰核(habenula,拉丁语中habena表示缰绳)是位于脊椎动物丘脑背侧的一个体积较小的双侧核团,其体积小于一粒豌豆,形状细长。其与第三脑室接壤,位于松果体前面。[1]
缰核 | |
---|---|
标识字符 | |
MeSH | D019262 |
NeuroNames | 294 |
NeuroLex ID | birnlex_1611 |
TA98 | A14.1.08.003 |
TA2 | 5662 |
FMA | FMA:62032 |
《神经解剖学术语》 [在维基数据上编辑] |
尽管缰核十分微小,但每个缰核都分为两个不同的区域:内侧缰核 (MHb) 和外侧缰核 (LHb),两者都具有不同的神经元群、传入纤维和传出纤维。[2][3] 内侧缰核可以再分为五个亚核,而外侧缰核则可分为四个亚核。[4]研究显示内侧缰核及外侧缰核形态的复杂性,内侧缰核不同的传入纤维分别投射到不同的亚核。[5]内外侧缰核之间不同的基因表现使两个区域有不同的功能。[6]
缰核是脊椎动物演化中的保守结构,哺乳动物的缰核是高度对称的,而鱼类、两栖类及爬虫类的缰核在大小、分子组成及连接方面都极不对称。[1]缰核是边缘系统通路中一个主要组成部分,[1]缰核和脚间核之间的后屈束路径是发育中的大脑中首先形成的主要神经束之一。[1]
缰核是连接前脑区域和中脑区域的中央结构,为情绪和感觉处理整合的枢纽或交点,[2]它整合来自边缘系统、感官和基底核的讯息来做出适当且有效的反应措施。[5]缰核参与单胺神经传导物质的调节,特别是多巴胺和血清素,[2][3]这两种神经传导物质都与焦虑症和回避行为密切相关。[2]缰核的功能也涉及动机、情绪、学习以及痛觉,[2]内侧缰核在忧郁、压力、记忆和尼古丁戒断中发挥重要作用,也在古柯碱、安非他命和酒精成瘾中发挥重要作用。[6]内侧缰核表现出高水平的烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体 (nAChR),其参与多种形式的成瘾。[6]
解剖学
编辑每个缰核都分为内侧及外侧两个部分,研究显示内侧缰核可以再分为五个亚核,而外侧缰核则可分为四个亚核。[4] 左右缰核由缰连合相连接,松果体附著于脑部此区域。[7]
外侧缰核
编辑外侧缰核主要的传入区域是外侧视前区、腹侧苍白球、外侧下视丘、内侧缰核和苍白球的内部。[8]外侧缰核中的神经元是“负向奖励”的,因为它们会被与不愉快事件、奖赏的缺乏或惩罚的存在相关的刺激活化。[9] 外侧缰核的奖励讯息来自苍白球内部。[10]
外侧缰核的输出作用于多巴胺能区域、血清素区域及胆碱能区域[8]此输出抑制黑质致密部和腹侧被盖区的多巴胺神经元,外侧缰核的活化与其失去活性相关,相反的,外侧缰核的失活也与其活化相关。[11]外侧缰核的功能是抵抗外侧被盖核在获得回避反应时的作用,但在形成记忆、动机或执行时,不会对回避反应起作用。[12] 研究表明,外侧缰核可能在决策中发挥至关重要的作用,[13]研究也表明,外侧缰核活性异常和忧郁症之间存在关联。[14]
内侧缰核
编辑内侧缰核接收来自后部透明中隔及Broca氏对角带,外侧缰核接收来自外侧下视丘、伏隔核、苍白球内侧部、腹侧苍白球和Broca氏对角带的传入讯号。[8] 整体而言,这个复杂互连的区域是背侧间脑传导系统(DDCS)的一部分,负责将讯息从边缘系统传递到中脑、后脑和内侧前脑。[15][16]
内侧缰核的输入来自各个区域并携带许多不同的化学物质。传入区域包括间隔核、来自腹侧被盖区束间核的多巴胺能输入,来自蓝斑核的去甲肾上腺素能输入以及来自Broca对角带的GABA能输入。内侧缰核将麸胺酸、P物质和乙酰胆碱的输出通过脚间核发送到导水管周围灰质以及松果体。[17][18]
不对称性
编辑Nikolaus Goronowitsch[7]在1883年发现了缰核的不对称性,许多物种皆展现了缰核神经元左右不对称的分化。[7]在许多鱼类和两栖动物中,一侧的缰核明显比另一侧大,并且更好地组织成背侧间脑中的不同核。这种分化的侧面(无论是左侧较发达还是右侧较发达)因物种而异。而鸟类及哺乳类的两个缰核都比较对称,并且每侧都由内侧核和外侧核组成,在鱼类和两栖动物中分别相当于背侧缰核和腹侧缰核。[19][8][20]
嗅觉编码
编辑在一些鱼(七鳃鳗和硬骨鱼)中,僧帽细胞(主要嗅觉神经元)轴突以不对称的方式专门投射到缰核的右半球,这表示背侧缰核在功能上不对称,主要是右半球的气味反应。 研究还表明,即使没有嗅觉刺激,背侧缰核神经元也会自发性活跃。 这些自发性活动的背侧缰核神经元被组织成功能簇,旨在控制嗅觉反应。
功能
编辑这个核团被认为参与单胺类神经传导物质,如多巴胺和血清素的调节。[21][22]
缰核参与疼痛处理、生殖行为、营养、睡眠-觉醒周期、压力反应和学习。近期使用功能性磁振造影[23]和单一单元电生理学[11]的演示将外侧缰核的功能与奖励处理紧密联系起来,特别是在编码负回馈或负奖励方面。Matsumoto(松本)和Hikosaka(彦坂)在2007年提出,大脑中的奖励和负面奖励信息可能通过外侧缰核、基底神经节和单胺能(多巴胺和血清素)系统之间的相互作用加以详细说明,并且外侧缰核可能在这种整合功能中发挥关键作用。[11] 其后Bromberg-Martin等人于2011年强调,除了正向和负向奖励预测错误之外,外侧缰核中的神经元还发出正向和负向资讯预测错误讯号。[24]
与忧郁症的关联
编辑患有重度忧郁症的患者,内侧和外侧缰核的体积均减少,右侧神经元细胞数量也减少,[25]这种变化在精神分裂症患者中不会出现。[25]外侧缰核的主要传入束(即丘脑髓纹)的深部脑刺激已被用于治疗严重、迁延且难以治疗的忧郁症。[26][27]
在动物研究中,外侧缰核的NMDA受体依赖性爆发与忧郁症有关,[28]并且已经证明,全身麻醉剂氯胺酮能当作受体拮抗剂来阻止这种放电。[29]氯胺酮在人类中显示出快速作用的抗忧郁作用(剂量为0.5毫克/体重/公斤)后,已成为许多研究的主题。[30]
动机和成瘾
编辑近期对缰核的研究已经开始将结构与有机体当前的情绪、动机感和奖励识别联系起来。[31] 外侧缰核原先被认为是一种“反奖励”讯号,但后来的研究表明外侧缰核有助于识别偏好、帮助大脑区分潜在的行动和随后的动机决策。[32] 在一项使用巴甫洛夫条件反射模型的研究中,结果显示缰核反应增加,[33] 这种增加与惩罚(即电击)相关的条件刺激同时发生。[33] 因此,研究人员推测,若外侧缰核的抑制或损伤导致无法处理此类讯息,则可能导致随机动机行为。[32][33]外侧缰核对于理解奖励和动机关系尤其重要,因为它与成瘾行为有关,[31] 其抑制多巴胺能神经元,减少多巴胺的释放。[34] 多项动物研究表明,接受奖励与多巴胺浓度升高同时发生,但一旦动物学会了习得关联,多巴胺浓度就会保持升高,只有在奖励被取消时才会降低。[20][22][31][34] 因此,多巴胺浓度只会随著不可预测的奖励和“正预测错误”而增加。[20]此外,去除预期奖励会活化外侧缰核,抑制多巴胺浓度,[20]这项发现解释了为什么成瘾药物与多巴胺浓度升高有关。[20]
尼古丁与烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体
编辑根据国家药物滥用研究所的数据,美国五分之一的可预防的死亡是由烟草的使用引起的。[35]尼古丁是大多数烟草制品中发现的成瘾药物,很容易被身体的血液吸收。[35] 尽管人们容易误解使用烟草和尼古丁具有放松作用,但动物行为测试显示尼古丁具有致焦虑作用。[36] 烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(nAChR)已被确定为尼古丁活性的主要位点并调节随后的细胞极化。[37]烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体由许多α和β亚基组成,在外侧缰核及内侧缰核中都有发现,研究表明它们可能在成瘾和戒断行为中发挥关键作用。[37][38]
历史
编辑缰核是一种在3.6亿多年前出现在脊椎动物中的保守结构,[4]安德烈亚斯·维萨留斯于1555年首次描述了缰连合,[39]而狄奥多·赫曼·梅涅特则在1872年提到了缰核。[40]
参考来源
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外部链接
编辑- Stained brain slice images which include the "Habenula" at the BrainMaps project
- NIF Search - Habenula via the Neuroscience Information Framework
- 神经解剖学实验室剖面图集
- Jetti SK, Vendrell-Llopis N, Yaksi E. Spontaneous activity governs olfactory representations in spatially organized habenular microcircuits. Current Biology. February 2014, 24 (4): 434–9. PMID 24508164. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.01.015 .