維基百科

獸醫教育

獸醫教育是獸醫的高等教育。要成為一名獸醫，必須首先獲得獸醫師學位（DVM、 V.M.D. 、BVS、BVSc、BVMS、BVM 等）。

Large, grey building behind a grassy area
挪威獸醫學院(Norges veterinærhøgskole)，位於奧斯陸的一所獸醫學院

美國和加拿大的獸醫醫學學位普遍為本科級別，申請者必須在大學階段累積數年的學習經歷。北美以外的許多獸醫學校使用「獸醫科學學院」（Faculty of Veterinary Science）的名稱，而不是「獸醫醫學學院」（College of Veterinary Medicine）或「獸醫醫學院」（School of Veterinary Medicine），中國、日本和韓國的一些獸醫學校（例如中國廣西大學授予獸醫博士學位的動物科學技術學院和東京農業技術大學的獸醫學系使用「系」（Department）一詞。 [1] ）獸醫學校（Veterinary school）不同於動物科學系（department of animal science），後者提供獸醫預科課程，教授生物醫學科學（並授予理學學士學位或同等學歷），並提供微生物學、病毒學和分子生物學等學科的研究生獸醫教育。

學位

編輯
 
德克薩斯農工大學獸醫學與生物醫學科學學院

有志成為獸醫的人可以獲得幾種不同類型的學位，這些學位因國家而異，涉及本科或研究生教育。[1] 在美國，學校授予獸醫師（Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree，DVM）學位。[2] 此外，孟加拉國、加拿大、埃塞俄比亞、匈牙利、伊朗、馬來西亞、尼日利亞、巴基斯坦、菲律賓、韓國、泰國、多巴哥和特立尼達拉島也頒發了這個學位。[1] 其他國家亦設立了等同於北美DVM學位的獸醫專業資格認證。在英國以及採納本科教育制度的其他國家，完成五至六年的學習後，所獲得的學士學位與北美的獸醫師（DVM）學位具有同等效力。 在美國，學生在完成四年制本科學習之後，可以繼續攻讀為期四年的獸醫學位課程，如獸醫科學學士（Bachelor of Veterinary Science, BVSc）、獸醫學學士（Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine, BVM）或獸醫學與外科學學士（Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, BVMS）。從高中畢業開始算起，共需八年。在愛爾蘭，獸醫學都柏林大學頒授獸醫學學士（Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine，MVB）學位。[3] 在愛丁堡大學，學士學位是 BVM & S (獸醫學和外科學士學位) ，格拉斯哥大學，學士學位是獸醫學和外科學士學位(BVMS)。[4] 一些獸醫學校提供一個學位，允許接受者在本國從事獸醫學，但不允許個人在國外參加執照考試，例如，阿富汗的獸醫學校只提供理學士(BS)學位。[5] 雖然埃塞俄比亞頒發獸醫學博士學位，但在美國和西歐並不被承認。[6]

幾乎每個國家都要求擁有獸醫學位的個人在執業前獲得執照。大多數國家要求擁有獸醫學位的外國人在執業前通過單獨的外國畢業生執照考試。在美國，外國獸醫畢業生教育委員會 (ECFVG) 管理着一項四步考試，該考試得到了美國所有州和地區獸醫執照委員會、美國聯邦政府和哥倫比亞特區的認可。 [7]歐盟頒布了第 2005/36/EC 號指令，為歐盟範圍內的獸醫教育制定標準，並承認成員國的獸醫學位。 [8]

不同地區對於獸醫執業資格的要求各不相同。在南非， 1982 年《獸醫和准獸醫專業法》第 19 條規定，從南非、新西蘭或英國的多所大學（包括比勒陀利亞大學、梅西大學、布里斯托爾大學、劍橋大學、愛丁堡大學、格拉斯哥大學、利物浦大學和倫敦大學（自 2008 年起））之一畢業，或者通過了皇家獸醫學院管理的執照考試，則可自動獲得執照。其他所有人必須通過考試並在南非獸醫委員會註冊。 [9]印度也有類似的制度，某些學校頒發的學位「被視為」使個人有資格從事獸醫工作，但印度放棄了考試，轉而採用由州法庭調查資格並控制執業獸醫登記的系統。 [10]

認證

編輯

所有發達國家、大多數新興工業化國家和發展中國家都對獸醫學校給予認可。 [11]美國的獸醫學院由美國獸醫協會（AVMA）教育委員會（COE）認證。 [12] [13]歐盟正在制定認證標準，自 2008 年起，認證通常由歐洲獸醫教育機構協會（EAEVE）提供。 [14] [15] [16]

發展中國家的認證體系差異很大。在墨西哥，獸醫醫學院由國家獸醫和動物技術教育委員會（CONEVET）負責認證，但只有少數學校獲得認證。 [17]其他發展中國家的認證體系較差（或根本不存在）；例如，埃塞俄比亞一直致力於建設獸醫醫學院，而不是認證現有的學校。 [6]

入學和費用

編輯
 
1900 年至 2000 年悉尼大學各學院的學生比例。獸醫專業的學生是頂部附近的細粉線，表示可供申請者的名額數量很少。

不同獸醫學校和國家的招生做法、要求和難度存在很大差異。由於名額有限，入學競爭非常激烈。 [18]澳大利亞、加拿大、愛爾蘭、新西蘭、英國和美國的大多數 AVMA 認可機構都共享一個在線申請系統，稱為獸醫醫學院申請服務(VMCAS)。 [18]許多 VMCAS 學院還有額外的、個性化的申請要求，錄取標準很高。 [18] [19]

歐洲、南美、亞洲和非洲的入學標準也有很大差異，許多獸醫學校限制來自其所在地區、州或國家的學生入學。美國 28 所獸醫學校中有 25 所是公立大學，根據法律規定，可能會為州外居民保留少量名額。 [18]其他國家也有類似的計劃。在印度，聯邦法律要求每所獸醫學院保留 15 為來自印度其他地區的學生提供百分之多少的名額。印度獸醫委員會（聯邦政府的一個機構）負責組織全印度統一入學考試，成績優異的考生將被分配到全國各地。 [20]

課程

編輯
 
弗吉尼亞-馬里蘭地區獸醫學院的學生接受牛健康臨床培訓。

獸醫學校的課程並不標準化，課程為期三至六年。在美國和加拿大，該課程通常為期四年，通常是在四年的獸醫預科本科學位之後。前三年，學生學習解剖學、生理學、組織學、神經解剖學、藥理學、免疫學、細菌學、病毒學、病理學、寄生蟲學、毒理學、群體健康、營養學、放射學和流行病學。第三年，學生將學習麻醉學、診斷學、外科學、眼科學、骨科學和牙科。第四年的學習時間通常為 12 個月而不是 9 個月，學生們要照顧各種各樣的動物。 [21]臨床教育是世界各地大多數獸醫學校課程的重點。 2005 年，都柏林大學學院的獸醫學課程在其 104 年的歷史上首次設立了無講座的最後一年，專注於臨床培訓。 [22]蘇黎世大學獸醫病理學研究所實施了包含大量臨床內容的病理學教學課程。 [23]以色列[24] 、西班牙[25] 、捷克共和國[26]和斯洛伐克[27]獸醫學校也重視臨床培訓。

儘管如此，某些學校和國家在提供臨床培訓方面存在限制。例如，在斯里蘭卡，由於伴侶動物（如寵物）的數量較少，直到最近，獸醫教育主要集中於畜群健康管理，而對於臨床技能的培養相對較少。 [28]在埃塞俄比亞，很少有學校擁有臨床培訓設施，政府優先考慮開設更多學校，而不是改善現有的學院。 [6]

 
2005 年 6 月，威斯康星大學麥迪遜分校獸醫學院的學生在課堂講座上做筆記。

大多數獸醫學院要求學生具備廣泛的動物治療技能，而不是只專注於某一特定物種的醫療實踐。 [29]然而，大多數獸醫課程允許學生選修課程，使他們能夠在畢業時專攻某一領域。澳大利亞、加拿大、英國和美國的獸醫學校都實行「追蹤」制度，學生會被問及他們打算從事哪個獸醫分支（如伴侶動物、牛、馬、食品供應、鳥類、野生動物和公共衛生）。 [30]儘管跟蹤存在爭議，但大約 60% 的美國和加拿大獸醫學校對學生實行全部或部分跟蹤，一些北美獸醫教育組織也呼籲實行全面跟蹤。 [31] [32]有人認為，加強追蹤應該與獸醫的「有限執照」掛鉤，獸醫只能在其接受過培訓的物種（或專業）中執業。 [31] [33]儘管很少有獸醫學校要求學生畢業後參加實習或住院醫師培訓，但在加拿大、歐洲和美國，尋求委員會認證的獸醫通常需要實習和住院醫師培訓。 [34]

講座和死記硬背是獸醫教育中最常見的兩種教學方法。 [35]在較小程度上，成果導向型教育[36] 、發現式學習和基於探究的學習也被採用。 [37]大多數發達國家的獸醫學校都採用了基於問題的學習方式，特別是澳大利亞、加拿大、新西蘭、美國和西歐。 [38]

近年來，基於能力的教學理念受到了廣泛關注，一些教授獸醫學的大學正在調整其課程。 [39] [40]此外，制度化的系統性教師反饋的重要性已得到認可，並且臨床診療卡等工具正在臨床獸醫教育中實施。 [41]

參見

編輯

參考

編輯
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