奧氏櫛龍屬
奧氏櫛龍屬(屬名:Augustynolophus)是一屬櫛龍亞科的鴨嘴龍科恐龍,發現於加州的莫雷諾組(Moreno Formation),[1]年代為馬斯垂克階,使牠成為白堊紀-古近紀滅絕事件前最後存在的恐龍。[2]
奧氏櫛龍屬![]() 化石時期:白堊紀晚期,
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正模標本的頭骨 | |
科學分類 ![]() | |
界: | 動物界 Animalia |
門: | 脊索動物門 Chordata |
綱: | 蜥形綱 Sauropsida |
總目: | 恐龍總目 Dinosauria |
目: | †鳥臀目 Ornithischia |
亞目: | †鳥腳亞目 Ornithopoda |
科: | †鴨嘴龍科 Hadrosauridae |
亞科: | †櫛龍亞科 Saurolophinae |
屬: | †奧氏櫛龍屬 Augustynolophus Prieto-Márquez et al., 2014 |
模式種 | |
†莫氏奧氏櫛龍 Augustynolophus morrisi Prieto-Márquez et al., 2014
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異名 | |
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發現歷史
編輯屬名紀念贊助洛杉磯博物館的奧古斯汀(Augustyn)家族,加上字尾-lophus意指牠和櫛龍的關係,種名紀念古生物學家威廉·莫里斯(William Morris)[3],最初被敘述成櫛龍的一個種:莫氏櫛龍(Saurolophus morrisi)[4][5],然而在經過更深入的研究後,發現牠在顱骨結構上與櫛龍族的其他物種:奧氏櫛龍[6][7][8]、窄吻櫛龍[9][10]、巨原櫛龍有很大差異,足以自成一屬。[11]
所有已知的奧氏櫛龍標本發現都侷限於加州,該州屬於拉臘米迪亞古陸的一部分,是世界著名的恐龍化石點之一。[12]目前有兩個已知的奧氏櫛龍標本:正模標本LACM / CIT 2852出土於1943年,由大部分頭骨(包含齒骨和前齒骨)、脊椎、四肢和手部組成;第二具標本LACM / CIT 2760發現於1939年,由頭骨和四肢組成。根據較小的體型,推測可能是青少年個體。[5][13]這是來自美國西海岸的三種已知的恐龍之一,另外兩種分別是坎潘階的漂泊甲龍[14]、和來自華盛頓州的未敘述暴龍科[15]。但在加州和鄰近地區也發現了未定的鴨嘴龍類遺骸。[16][17]
2017年9月,奧氏櫛龍被指定為加州的州恐龍。[18]
敘述
編輯古生態學
編輯拉臘米迪亞海岸省份的恐龍所知甚少[20],如同西部內陸海道對面阿帕拉契亞古陸的情況。美西擁有豐富的化石發現和歷史,最著名的例子有地獄溪組(Hell Creek Formation)及雙麥迪遜組(Two Medicine Formation)。[21]然而美西海岸和阿帕拉契亞一樣,陸生動物(主要是恐龍)並未被妥善的研究也不知名。
儘管加州恐龍罕見的事實,但莫雷諾組是加州研究最深入的中生代地層之一,並以大量海相化石聞名[22][23][24][25]。與奧氏櫛龍生活於同一地區的生物包括了龜、滄龍、蛇頸龍及輻鰭魚類[26]。其中生活於莫雷諾組的龜包括王龜屬及甲尾龜屬[27];滄龍類包括傾齒龍屬、大洋龍屬、近瘤龍屬及浮龍屬[28];蛇頸龍包括費雷斯諾龍屬、莫雷諾龍屬、海泡龍屬及水怪龍屬[29][30][31];輻鰭魚類則包括邦魚屬及蜥齒魚屬[32]。
參考資料
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- ^ Lehman, T.M. Late Maastrichtian paleoenvironments and dinosaur biogeography in the western interior of North America. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 1987, 60: 189–217. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(87)90032-0.
- ^ Prieto-Márquez, Albert; Wagner, Jonathan R.; Bell, Phil R.; Chiappe, Luis M. The late-surviving 'duck-billed' dinosaur Augustynolophus from the upper Maastrichtian of western North America and crest evolution in Saurolophini. Geological Magazine. 2014, 152 (2): 225–241. Bibcode:2015GeoM..152..225P. doi:10.1017/S0016756814000284.
- ^ Morris, W.J. California dinosaurs. Bottjer, DJ; Colburn, IP; Cooper, JD (編). Late Cretaceous Depositional Environments and Paleogeography, Santa Ana Mountains, Southern California. Los Angeles: Pacific Section, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. 1982.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Prieto-Márquez, A.; Wagner, J.R. A new species of saurolophine hadrosaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of the Pacific coast of North America. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 2013, 58 (2): 255–268. doi:10.4202/app.2011.0049.
- ^ Brown, B. A crested dinosaur from the Edmonton Cretaceous. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History: 131–136. 1912.
- ^ Brown, B. The skeleton of Saurolophus, a crestedduck-billed dinosaur from the Edmonton Cretaceous. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 1913, 32: 387–393.
- ^ Bell, P.R. Redescription of the skull of Saurolophus osborni Brown 1912 (Ornithischia: Hadrosauridae). Cretaceous Research. February 2011, 32 (1): 30–44. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2010.10.002.
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- ^ Bell, P.R. Cranial Osteology and Ontogeny of Saurolophus angustirostris from the late Cretaceous of Mongolia with comments on Saurolophus osborni from Canada. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 2011, 56 (4): 703–722. doi:10.4202/app.2010.0061.
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