維基百科

奧氏櫛龍屬

此條目頁的主題是獨立的屬奧氏櫛龍屬（Augustynolophus）。關於櫛龍屬的模式種奧氏櫛龍（Saurolophus osborni），請見「櫛龍屬」。

奧氏櫛龍屬（屬名：Augustynolophus）是一屬櫛龍亞科的鴨嘴龍科恐龍，發現於加州的莫雷諾組（英語：Moreno Formation）（Moreno Formation），[1]年代為馬斯特里赫特階，使牠成為白堊紀-古近紀滅絕事件前最後存在的恐龍。[2]

奧氏櫛龍屬
化石時期：白堊紀晚期，70–66 Ma
▼
正模標本的頭骨
科學分類 編輯
界： 動物界 Animalia
門： 脊索動物門 Chordata
綱： 蜥形綱 Sauropsida
總目： 恐龍總目 Dinosauria
目： †鳥臀目 Ornithischia
亞目： †鳥腳亞目 Ornithopoda
科： †鴨嘴龍科 Hadrosauridae
亞科： †櫛龍亞科 Saurolophinae
屬： †奧氏櫛龍屬 Augustynolophus
Prieto-Márquez et al., 2014
模式種
†莫氏奧氏櫛龍
Augustynolophus morrisi
Prieto-Márquez et al., 2014
異名
  • 莫氏櫛龍 Saurolophus morrisi
    (Prieto-Márquez, 2013)

發現歷史

編輯
 
胸部和肢體材料

屬名紀念贊助洛杉磯博物館的奧古斯汀（Augustyn）家族，加上字尾-lophus意指牠和櫛龍的關係，種名紀念古生物學家威廉·莫里斯（William Morris）[3]，最初被敘述成櫛龍的一個種：莫氏櫛龍（Saurolophus morrisi）[4][5]，然而在經過更深入的研究後，發現牠在顱骨結構上與櫛龍族的其他物種：奧氏櫛龍[6][7][8]、窄吻櫛龍[9][10]、巨原櫛龍有很大差異，足以自成一屬。[11]

所有已知的奧氏櫛龍標本發現都侷限於加州，該州屬於拉臘米迪亞古陸的一部分，是世界著名的恐龍化石點之一。[12]目前有兩個已知的奧氏櫛龍標本：正模標本LACM / CIT 2852出土於1943年，由大部分頭骨（包含齒骨和前齒骨）、脊椎、四肢和手部組成；第二具標本LACM / CIT 2760發現於1939年，由頭骨和四肢組成。根據較小的體型，推測可能是青少年個體。[5][13]這是來自美國西海岸的三種已知的恐龍之一，另外兩種分別是坎潘階的漂泊甲龍[14]、和來自華盛頓州的未敘述暴龍科[15]。但在加州和鄰近地區也發現了未定的鴨嘴龍類遺骸。[16][17]

2017年9月，奧氏櫛龍被指定為加州的州恐龍。[18]

敘述

編輯
 
生命復原與體型比例

如同所有鴨嘴龍類，奧氏櫛龍是植食性恐龍，並有特化於咀嚼食物的齒系。[19]

古生態學

編輯
 
臉部和下頜材料

拉臘米迪亞海岸省份的恐龍所知甚少[20]，如同西部內陸海道對面阿帕拉契亞古陸（英語：Appalachia (landmass)）的情況。美西擁有豐富的化石發現和歷史，最著名的例子有地獄溪組（Hell Creek Formation）及雙麥迪遜組（英語：Two Medicine Formation）（Two Medicine Formation）。[21]然而美西海岸和阿帕拉契亞一樣，陸生動物（主要是恐龍）並未被妥善的研究也不知名。

儘管加州恐龍罕見的事實，但莫雷諾組是加州研究最深入的中生代地層之一，並以大量海相化石聞名[22][23][24][25]。與奧氏櫛龍生活於同一地區的生物包括了龜、滄龍、蛇頸龍及輻鰭魚類[26]。其中生活於莫雷諾組的龜包括王龜屬（英語：Basilemys）及甲尾龜屬（英語：Osteopygis）[27]；滄龍類包括傾齒龍屬、大洋龍屬、近瘤龍屬及浮龍屬[28]；蛇頸龍包括費雷斯諾龍屬、莫雷諾龍屬（英語：Morenosaurus）、海泡龍屬及水怪龍屬[29][30][31]；輻鰭魚類則包括邦魚屬及蜥齒魚屬（英語：Saurodon）[32]。

參考資料

編輯
  1. ^ Sues, H.D.; Bell, P.R.; Evans, D.C. Revision of the status of Saurolophus (Hadrosauridae) from California, USA.. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 2010, 47 (11): 1417–1426. doi:10.1139/e10-062. 
  2. ^ Lehman, T.M. Late Maastrichtian paleoenvironments and dinosaur biogeography in the western interior of North America. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 1987, 60: 189–217. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(87)90032-0. 
  3. ^ Prieto-Márquez, Albert; Wagner, Jonathan R.; Bell, Phil R.; Chiappe, Luis M. The late-surviving 'duck-billed' dinosaur Augustynolophus from the upper Maastrichtian of western North America and crest evolution in Saurolophini. Geological Magazine. 2014, 152 (2): 225–241. Bibcode:2015GeoM..152..225P. doi:10.1017/S0016756814000284. 
  4. ^ Morris, W.J. California dinosaurs. Bottjer, DJ; Colburn, IP; Cooper, JD (編). Late Cretaceous Depositional Environments and Paleogeography, Santa Ana Mountains, Southern California. Los Angeles: Pacific Section, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. 1982. 
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  6. ^ Brown, B. A crested dinosaur from the Edmonton Cretaceous. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History: 131–136. 1912. 
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  14. ^ Ford, T.L. 12. Carlsbad Ankylosaur (Ornithischia, Ankylosauria): An Ankylosaurid and Not a Nodosaurid.= 1st. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. 1 October 2001: 239–258 [22 September 2016]. ISBN 978-0253339645. 
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  16. ^ Morris, W.J. A review of Pacific coast hadrosaurs. Journal of Paleontology. May 1973, 47 (3): 551–561. 
  17. ^ HARPER, HILLIARD. Dinosaur Skeleton Found at Carlsbad Site. Los Angeles Times. 20 May 1987 [24 September 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-19）. 
  18. ^ Blume, Howard. California gets its own official state dinosaur. Los Angeles Times. 23 September 2017 [2020-11-07]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-02）. 
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  20. ^ Tan, X.; Kodama, K.P. Compaction‐corrected inclinations from southern California Cretaceous marine sedimentary rocks indicate no paleolatitudinal offset for the Peninsular Ranges terrane. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 1998, 103 (B11): 27169–27192. Bibcode:1998JGR...10327169T. doi:10.1029/98jb02343. 
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  23. ^ Popenoe, W.P. Southern California Cretaceous formations and faunas with especial reference to the Simi Hills and Santa Monica Mountains. Cretaceous Stratigraphy of the Santa Monica Mountains and Simi Hills, Southern California. Pacific Section, SEPM, Geological Guidebook, los Angeles, California. 1973: 15–20. 
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  26. ^ Ford, Kerry. Stratigraphic positions of marine reptile and dinosaur specimens in the Moreno Formation, in the Tumey Hills and Panoche Hills, Fresno County, California. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 2006, 35: 407–410 [2024-03-21]. （原始內容存檔於2023-04-21）. 
  27. ^ E., Foster, David. Osteopygis Sp., a marine turtle from the late Cretaceous Moreno formation of California. Museum of Paleontology, University of California. 1980. OCLC 833332950. 
  28. ^ LINDGREN, JOHAN; SCHULP, ANNE S. New material ofPrognathodon(Squamata: Mosasauridae), and the mosasaur assemblage of the Maastrichtian of California, U.S.A.. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. September 2010, 30 (5): 1632–1636. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 131124198. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.501444. 
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  30. ^ O'Gorman, José P. Reappraisal of Fresnosaurus drescheri (Plesiosauria; Elasmosauridae) from the Maastrichtian Moreno Formation, California, USA. Cretaceous Research. December 2016, 68: 9–20. ISSN 0195-6671. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.07.009. 
  31. ^ Stock, Chester. Occurrence of Cretaceous Reptiles in the Moreno Shales of the Southern Coast Ranges, California. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. December 1939, 25 (12): 617–620. Bibcode:1939PNAS...25..617S. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1077983  . PMID 16588308. doi:10.1073/pnas.25.12.617  . 
  32. ^ Friedman, Matt; Shimada, Kenshu; Everhart, Michael J.; Irwin, Kelly J.; Grandstaff, Barbara S.; Stewart, J. D. Geographic and stratigraphic distribution of the Late Cretaceous suspension-feeding bony fishBonnerichthys gladius(Teleostei, Pachycormiformes). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. January 2013, 33 (1): 35–47. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 128958842. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.713059. 
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