男性氣質
与男人相关的属性
男性氣質（Masculinity，Manliness或Manhood），也稱作男子氣概、男性化或男人味，是指通常與男性相關的一組特質、行為和角色。男性氣質包括生理決定的因素和社會決定的因素[1][2][3]，故男性氣質與人體解剖學上的男性不同[4][5] ，男性和女性都可能表現出男性化特質和行為。既有男性氣質又有女性氣質的人稱為雙性性格。
傳統上，男性化特質包括勇氣、獨立和自信[6][7][8]，儘管男性氣質受到諸多社會和文化因素的影響，在不同的地方和環境會有所變化[9]。
概念
編輯
男性化並沒有一個清晰的、可以舉世通用的概念，但許多文化中都有「男性化」概念或成見，比如勇氣、自立、自信、強壯與領導力等。[6][11][12] 雷溫·康奈爾將傳統的男性氣質定義為「霸權男性氣概」，在一些文化中，這是社會普遍認識中男性所應該具有的氣質。尤其是在父系社會中，這可以被當做男性統治權的保障，從而使得女性處於從屬地位。[13][14]
參見
編輯參考文獻
編輯- ^ Marianne van den Wijngaard. Reinventing the sexes: the biomedical construction of femininity and masculinity. Race, gender, and science. Indiana University Press. 1997: 171 pages [June 3, 2011]. ISBN 0-253-21087-9. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-09）.
- ^ Hale Martin, Stephen Edward Finn. Masculinity and Femininity in the MMPI-2 and MMPI-A. U of Minnesota Press. 2010: 310 pages [June 3, 2011]. ISBN 0-8166-2445-3. （原始內容存檔於2015-11-02）.
- ^ Richard Dunphy. Sexual politics: an introduction. Edinburgh University Press. 2000: 240 pages [June 3, 2011]. ISBN 0-7486-1247-5. （原始內容存檔於2015-03-25）.
- ^ Ferrante, Joan. Sociology: A Global Perspective 7th. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. : 269–272. ISBN 0-8400-3204-8.
- ^ Gender, Women and Health: What do we mean by "sex" and "gender"?' （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, The World Health Organization
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Vetterling-Braggin, Mary "Femininity," "masculinity," and "androgyny": a modern philosophical discussion
- ^ Worell, Judith, Encyclopedia of women and gender: sex similarities and differences and the impact of society on gender, Volume 1 Elsevier, 2001, ISBN 0-12-227246-3, ISBN 978-0-12-227246-2
- ^ Thomas, R. Murray. Recent Theories of Human Development. Sage Publications. 2000: 248 [2015-03-26]. ISBN 0761922474. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-10）.
Gender feminists also consider traditional feminine traits (gentleness, modesty, humility, sacrifice, supportiveness, empathy, compassion, tenderness, nurturance, intuitiveness, sensitivity, unselfishness) morally superior to the traditional masculine traits (courage, strong will, ambition, independence, assertiveness, initiative, rationality and emotional control).
- ^ Witt, edited by Charlotte. Feminist Metaphysics: Explorations in the Ontology of Sex, Gender and Identity. Dordrecht: Springer. 2010: 77. ISBN 90-481-3782-9.
- ^ Machismo (exaggerated masculinity) - Encyclopædia Britannica online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. [6 March 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2015-03-26）.
- ^ George, A., "Reinventing honorable masculinity" Men and Masculinities
- ^ Bosson, J. K., & Vandello, J. A. (2011). Precarious manhood and its links to action and aggression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, 82-86.
- ^ Connell, R.W. Masculinities. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2005: 77 [1995].
- ^ 男子氣概：一種社會學的概念 - 獨立評論
擴展閱讀
編輯- Beynon, John. Chapter 4: Masculinities and the notion of 'crisis'. Masculinities and culture. Philadelphia: Open University Press. 2002: 75–97. ISBN 978-0-335-19988-4.
- Reeser, Todd W. Masculinities in theory: an introduction. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. 2010. ISBN 978-1-4051-6859-5.
- Connell, R.W. 3. The Social Organization of Masculinity. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: Polity. 2001. ISBN 978-0-520-24698-0.
- Levine, Martin P. (1998). Gay Macho. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-4694-2.
- Stibbe, Arran. (2004). "Health and the Social Construction of Masculinity in Men's Health Magazine." Men and Masculinities; 7 (1) July, pp. 31–51.
- Strate, Lance "Beer Commercials: A Manual on Masculinity" Men's Lives Kimmel, Michael S. and Messner, Michael A. ed. Allyn and Bacon. Boston, London: 2001
