白兀鷲
白兀鷲(學名:Neophron percnopterus),又名埃及禿鷲,是一種稀少的禿鷲。它們分佈在歐洲西南部及非洲北部至南亞。它們的翼底呈黑白色,尾巴呈楔狀。它們有時會用石頭敲破鳥蛋,是少數懂得使用工具的鳥類之一。在溫帶繁殖的群落會向南遷徙過冬,而在熱帶的多是留鳥。它們的數量於20世紀有所下降,而在島嶼中的群落則特別瀕危。
白兀鷲![]() | |
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成年的 N. p. ginginianus 亞種 | |
科學分類 ![]() | |
界: | 動物界 Animalia |
門: | 脊索動物門 Chordata |
綱: | 鳥綱 Aves |
目: | 鷹形目 Accipitriformes |
科: | 鷹科 Accipitridae |
屬: | 白兀鷲屬 Neophron Savigny, 1809 |
種: | 白兀鷲 N. percnopterus
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二名法 | |
Neophron percnopterus (Linnaeus, 1758)
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白兀鷲的分佈地 |
特徵
編輯白兀鷲的羽毛是白色的,飛羽黑色。它們的身體有時有些泥色是與其習性有關。喙幼長,上頷端有鈎。鼻孔很長。頸部羽毛很長,雙翼很尖,當中以第三主羽最長。尾巴呈楔狀。爪子直而且長,第三及第四趾有小蹼。指名亞種的喙是黑色的,而印度亞種N. p. ginginianus的則較為淡色或黃色,但這種變化仍需更多證據支持。[2]面部皮膚是黃色的。[3]雛鳥是黑色或深褐色的,有黑白色的斑。[3]成年的白兀鷲全長85厘米,翼展1.7米。它們重約2公斤,但N. p. majorensis則平均重2.4公斤。[4]
分類
編輯白兀鷲屬只有白兀鷲一個物種。此屬相信是最古老的禿鷲分支之一,現存的最近親是胡兀鷲。[5][6]有些學者更建議將它們分類到新的胡兀鷲亞科之中。[7]現時廣泛接受的有三個白兀鷲的亞種,但它們之間卻有很多混種。[8]俾路支地區及喜瑪拉雅山西北部的N. p. rubripersonatus並未獲得確認。[2][9]
- N. p. percnopterus:指名亞種,其分佈最廣,包括南歐、北非、中東、中亞及印度次大陸。它們在溫帶地區繁殖,並會向南過冬。
- N. p. ginginianus:體型最細小的亞種,喙呈淡色。它們分佈在印度次大陸的大部份地區。其名是衍生自印度南部的京吉(Gingee)。[10]
- N. p. majorensis:體型最大的亞種。它們分佈在加那利群島,群落數量最少及最受限制。於2002年才確立為一個亞種,它們的基因較為接近N. p. percnopterus,而疏於N. p. ginginianus。它們不是候鳥。其名字是衍生自富埃特文圖拉島的古代名字。[11][12]
白兀鷲屬的屬名是取自希臘神話的涅俄佛隆(Neophron)。涅俄佛隆是Timandra的兒子,而Timandra則是Aegypius的情婦。涅俄佛隆將Aegypius的母親幻化成Timandra,欺騙他與其母同寢。他母親醒來後欲奪走他的眼睛,但宙斯卻將涅俄佛斯及Aegypius變成禿鷲。[13]種小名則是指其黑色的雙翼。[14]
分佈
編輯白兀鷲廣泛分佈在南歐、北非、西亞及南亞。它們主要棲息在乾旱平原。它們有時也會流浪到斯里蘭卡[3]、歐洲北部及南非。[15]歐洲群落會向南遷徙3500-5500公里到達非洲,有時單日的旅程長達500公里。在法國曾有一隻白兀鷲出生第三天就已經向南遷徙。[16][17]義大利的群落會橫跨馬雷蒂莫(Marettimo)及潘泰萊里亞,經西西里島到達突尼西亞。[18]
行為及生態
編輯白兀鷲經常會隨熱流上升。它們吃多種食物,包括哺乳動物的糞便(尤其是人類[19])、昆蟲、屍體、植物及細小的獵物。[20]研究顯示它們吃哺乳動物的糞便可以幫助它們攝取類胡蘿蔔素色素,令其面部皮膚呈鮮黃及橙色。[21]它們一般較為寂靜,但若受到騷擾則會發出高音的叫聲。[2]
白兀鷲是群居的[22],鳥巢會不斷再用。它們很多時都是單獨或成對的行動。它們是一夫一妻制的,夫妻的關係可以維持多於一個繁殖季節。成年雄鷲在雌鷲生蛋前後很多時都會留在其身邊。[23]它們會在峭壁、建築物及樹上築巢。[2]N. p. ginginianus及N. p. majorensis也會在地上築巢。[24][25][26]印度群落的繁殖季節是於2月至4月。雙親都會孵蛋,孵化期為42天。[3]3-5天後就會孵化第二隻雛鷲,但時間越長,其生存率就越低。[27]在鳥巢緊迫的地方,雛鷲有時會走到其他鳥巢尋找食物。[28]西班牙群落的幼鷲會在90-110天大時換羽及離開鳥巢。[29]幼鷲離開鳥巢後會到遠達500公里以外的地方。[30][31]到了4-5歲大時,它們就會擁有成鳥的羽毛。飼養的白兀鷲壽命可達37歲。[32]
成年白兀鷲並沒有很多天敵,但很多時卻死於電纜、污染及中毒。幼鷲會被金雕、雕鴞及赤狐掠食。從峭壁上掉下的白兀鷲也會被胡狼所撿走。[33]
指名亞種是懂得使用工具的。它們會用喙將大卵石擲向大蛋,將其敲碎。[34]不過在N. p. ginginianus中卻看不見這種行為。[2]研究發現這種行為並非學習得來的,而是天生的。[35]保加利亞群落也有使用樹枝來捲起羊毛,用以製作鳥巢。[36]
保育狀況
編輯白兀鷲在大部份分佈地中都正經歷嚴重的衰落。在歐洲及中東大部份地區,其數量只有20年前的一半;在印度及非洲西南部,它們的數量也大幅減少。於1967年至1970年,在德里附近地區就估計只有12000-15000隻白兀鷲,平均密度為每10平方公里約有5對。[37][38]引起衰落的原因不明,但卻與使用非甾體抗炎藥雙氯芬酸鈉有關。[39]在南歐,它們的衰落也與鉛中毒、使用殺蟲劑和觸電有關。[4][40]西班牙的研究發現吸收抗生素會抑制它們的免疫系統,造成較易的感染。[41]
加那利群島群落與歐洲及非洲的群落分隔了一段頗長時間,而且大幅下降。它們以往廣佈在戈梅拉島、特內里費島、大加那利島、富埃特文圖拉島及蘭薩羅特島,但現已只限於富埃特文圖拉島、蘭薩羅特島和兩個最東的島嶼。它們的數量於2000年估計約有130隻,共25-30繁殖對。[4][42]這些島嶼群落特別容易受到感染。[43]在吃腐肉的時候,它們積聚了大量的鉛,令其骨頭礦物化。[44]現時有措施提供安全及沒有污染的食物,不過缺點是會吸引其他掠食性動物,增加對雛鷲的危害。[45]
2012年4月2日在新疆喀什烏恰縣發現了一隻白兀鷲,這是該鳥在中國分布的新記錄。[46]
參考
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