阿爾伯特·赫爾佐格
約翰尼斯·艾伯特·蒙尼克·赫爾佐格（南非語：Johannes Albertus Munnik Hertzog [ˈalbərt ˈɦærtsɔχ]，1899年7月4日—1982年11月5日），是南非政治家、內閣部長和改組國民黨的創始人與黨魁，也是前任南非總理巴里·赫爾佐格之子。
| 法學博士 艾伯特·赫爾佐格 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 改組國民黨黨魁 | |
| 任期 1969年10月25日—1977年5月28日 | |
| 前任 | 職位創立 |
| 繼任 | Jaap Marais |
| 衛生部長 | |
| 任期 1954年8月24日—1958年8月24日 | |
| 總督 | Ernest George Jansen |
| 總理 | Hendrik Verwoerd |
| 前任 | Michiel Daniel Christiaan de Wet Nel |
| 繼任 | Carel de Wet |
| 通信、電信和郵政服務部長 | |
| 任期 1958年8月24日—1968年2月7日 | |
| 總統 | Charles Robberts Swart Tom Naudé (acting) |
| 總督 | Charles Robberts Swart |
| 總理 | Hendrik Verwoerd B.J. Vorster |
| 前任 | Serfontein, J. |
| 繼任 | Janse van Rensburg, M.C.C. |
| 個人資料 | |
| 出生 | 1899年7月4日 奧蘭治自由邦布隆方丹 |
| 逝世 | 1982年11月5日（83歲） 南非德蘭士瓦省普利托利亞 |
| 政黨 | 國民黨（直至1969年） 改組國民黨（1969年－1978年） |
| 配偶 | Katie (née Whitely)† Martie Viljoen(née Duvenage) |
| 居住地 | 南非德蘭士瓦省普利托利亞 |
| 母校 | 斯泰倫博斯大學 文學學士（優等生） 阿姆斯特丹大學 牛津大學 法學士 萊頓大學 法學博士 |
| 專業 | 大律師 內閣部長 政治家 |
1954年至1958年，艾伯特·赫爾佐格任衛生部長，1958年至1968年任郵政和電信部長。任電信部長期間，赫爾佐格因拒絕將電視引入南非而聞名。
1969年，在他因其反動和排他的布爾民族主義觀點而被驅逐出國民黨後，赫爾佐格另立改組國民黨。改組國民黨反對亨德里克·弗倫施·維沃爾德的繼任者巴爾薩澤·約翰內斯·沃斯特的領導下的國民黨偏離其創始準則之舉。
生平
編輯艾伯特·赫爾佐格為著名布爾將軍、後來的南非總理巴里·赫爾佐格和他的妻子米妮（生於尼特林）之子，1899年7月4日艾伯特出生在他父母位於布隆方丹戈達德街19號的家中。他於1899年8月31日在Moederkerk接受洗禮。[1]艾伯特有兩個弟弟，Charles Dirk Neethling（生於1904年）和James Barry Munnik（生於1905年）。[2]
第二次布爾戰爭爆發時，赫爾佐格只有三個月大。最初，他和母親住在布隆方丹的家；但四個月後，搬到了Jagersfontein小村的姨姨家。[1]
After the town was taken by British troops, and their house blown up by dynamite, the family was hoarded onto cattle trucks and taken to the concentration camp at Port Elizabeth. The Hertzog inmates in the camp included baby Albert, his mother Mynie, his paternal grandmother and a number of Albert's aunts and cousins. They lived in a thin shack of eight square meters.[3] Albert's seven-year-old cousin, Charles, died of measles only twelve days after arrival. Albert himself nearly succumbed to the disease, and was sent to relatives in Stellenbosch for care and treatment. He stayed in Stellenbosch in the house of his paternal grandfather, Charl Neethling, until the end of the war.[4] Mynie Neethling was visited by Lord Kitchener personally in the Port Elizabeth camp, where he offered her dismissal should she try and persuade her husband to lay down his arms. She refused, and was subsequently sent via ship to the Merebank camp at Durban.[5] Merebank was notorious as one of the camps with the highest fatality rates. After her internment, Mynie Hertzog was prone to illness for the rest of her life.
As toddler, Albert attended an English Catholic pre-primary school, where he heard and learnt his first English. That move seemed baffling to some, because the Calvinist and Boer patriot General Hertzog was a staunch proponent of Afrikaans language rights, especially in education.[6] In 1910, after the birth of the Union of South Africa, General Hertzog was appointed in a dual portfolio as Minister of Justice and Minister of Native Affairs. The family therefore moved to Pretoria, and occupied a house west of the Union Buildings. His father sent Albert to the Arcadia Skool, but Albert was disappointed that it had a headmistress and, though in the city, was no different to a farm school. Although only eleven years old, he left on the afternoon of his first day, and enrolled at Pretoria Boys High School.[7] After the schism between General Hertzog and Prime Minister Louis Botha, which led to Hertzog's dismissal from the cabinet, the family moved back to Bloemfontein, where Albert attended Grey College. He matriculated in 1916, having studied Dutch, English, Latin, Mathematics, and Physical Science.[8]
政治生涯
編輯早年
編輯1929年赫爾佐格回到南非後，定居比勒陀利亞，任大律師。同時，也是比勒陀利亞大學兼職講師。
任議員（1948年-1958年）
編輯1948年的選舉國民黨勝選後，由丹尼爾·馬蘭博士領導的國民黨上台執政，赫爾佐格當選為東德蘭士瓦省埃爾梅洛議員。他在丹尼爾·馬蘭和約翰內斯·格哈杜斯·斯揣敦總理的任期內擔任眾議院議員。
內閣部長（1958年-1968年）
編輯1958年亨德里克·維沃爾德博士當選總理後，赫爾佐格被任命為內閣部長，負責郵政和電信以及衛生的工作；1958年10月23日，就職。
國民黨內部鬥爭
編輯The terms verlig ("enlightened") and verkramp ("cramped") entered the Afrikaans (and later English) vernacular during the late 1960s. They were first used in a speech by prof. Willem de Klerk (son of Jan de Klerk and brother of future State President of South Africa, F.W. de Klerk) on 6 October 1966, exactly a month after the assassination of Dr. Hendrik Verwoerd.[9] In his speech, De Klerk distinguished between verligte, verkrampte, and positiewe ("positive") Afrikaners. That threefold division would soon be simplified in the colloquial language to a simpler dichotomy between simply verlig and verkramp. What De Klerk called "positive Afrikaners" would then refer to what generally became known as verligte Afrikaners.[9] He described positive Afrikaners (verligtes, thus) as "purpose conscious Afrikaners". "And purpose means to recognize the enduring and the changing. The closedness and the openness. The tradition and the progression... The purpose conscious Afrikaner recognizes and appreciates the tradition, and yet he is the man of today and with a vision on tomorrow, until eternity. The Afrikaner heritage is the Afrikaner-Christendom with the Calvinistic bedrock which recognizes the authority of the Bible as revelation and guide. But also he is open to further study of Scripture and he seeks the new roads to expand his religious heritage. At the same time the Afrikaner culture is young and virile, and is still busy to form itself on many levels, without having to cut ties with the past. The Book teaches clearly that exaggerated nationalism (idolatry of the People) as well as cosmopolitism contrast with the stipulations of God. Just as ungodly is the nationalized religion, which is the same as idolatry of the People."[10]
De Klerk labeled the verkrampte Afrikaner as follows: "His fundamental axiom is: adherence to the extant, to the old ideas and customs and content is the test for being Afrikaner. He wants to lead us to rigidity; wants to exclude us from a new world; is a negativist. Also, he is ruled by the need to criticize. He is creative in his ability to sow distrust; hardened in the handling of one-sided slogans to generate witch hunts everywhere; accomplished in the technique of quibbling. He is without consideration and mercy, unwilling to converse, fanatic and extremist to enforce his opinion on a matter. He wants to forcefully push our youth into one-sidedness; haughty, stubborn self-preservation."[11]
The verlig-verkramp-strife came to the fore after the assassination of Hendrik Verwoerd. Differences that had existed for a number of years began to manifest publicly, especially in the early days of new premier John Vorster's term.[12]
改組國民黨黨魁（1969年-1977年）
編輯
| 選舉年 | # 占總票數的 | % 總得票率 | # 贏得的議席 | 排名 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970年[13] | 53 763 ▲ | 3.57% ▲ | 0 ━ | 3/4 ▲ |
| 1974年[14] | 39 568▼ | 3.6% ▲ | 0 ━ | 4/5 ▼ |
退休
編輯赫爾佐格決定在1977年退休，並在同年5月27日發表了他的告別演講。1977年5月28日，他正式退休，並由Jaap Marais接任改組國民黨黨魁。退休後，赫爾佐格可以將更多精力投入到他的商業經營與他的園藝等愛好中。
In a press interview in 1979 he opined as follows: "In my view our political landscape is developing in the direction of a large, new conservative party which will consist of different people who are still currently trying to tread their own path. It can be a party consisting of the Treurnicht people in the NP, the Connie Mulder people, the HNP and definitely also conservative English speakers".[15] This proved to be prophetic, as in 1982 a massive split occurred within the ruling National Party, and the Conservative Party came into being, with Andries Treurnicht as leader.
死亡、葬禮和遺產
編輯Hertzog died on 5 November 1982 during an emergency operation for a burst aorta.[16] His funeral was held on 11 November 1982, in the NG Kerk in Waterkloof, and the service led by prof. Adriaan Pont. He was then laid to rest in the family cemetery on the farm Waterval, in the district of Witbank, next to his wife Katie, and close to his parents.[17]
私生活
編輯出版著作
編輯參考資料
編輯- ^ 1.0 1.1 Pretorius, Estelle. Dr. Albert Hertzog: 'n lewensbeskrywing. Pretoria: Bienedell Uitgewers. 2001: 11. ISBN 0-9584118-5-9.
- ^ Heese, J.A. Lombard, R.T.J. , 編. Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagsregisters, Volume 3: H-I. Stellenbosch: Genealogiese Instituut van Suid-Afrika. 2001: 527. ISBN 0-7969-1425-7.
- ^ Pretorius, Estelle. Dr. Albert Hertzog: 'n lewensbeskrywing. Pretoria: Bienedell Uitgewers. 2001: 12–13. ISBN 0-9584118-5-9.
- ^ Pretorius, Estelle. Dr. Albert Hertzog: 'n lewensbeskrywing. Pretoria: Bienedell Uitgewers. 2001: 13. ISBN 0-9584118-5-9.
- ^ Pretorius, Estelle. Dr. Albert Hertzog: 'n lewensbeskrywing. Pretoria: Bienedell Uitgewers. 2001: 13–14. ISBN 0-9584118-5-9.
- ^ Pretorius, Estelle. Dr. Albert Hertzog: 'n lewensbeskrywing. Pretoria: Bienedell Uitgewers. 2001: 18–19. ISBN 0-9584118-5-9.
- ^ Pretorius, Estelle. Dr. Albert Hertzog: 'n lewensbeskrywing. Pretoria: Bienedell Uitgewers. 2001: 23. ISBN 0-9584118-5-9.
- ^ Pretorius, Estelle. Dr. Albert Hertzog: 'n lewensbeskrywing. Pretoria: Bienedell Uitgewers. 2001: 25. ISBN 0-9584118-5-9.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Serfontein, J.H.P. Die Verkrampte Aanslag. Cape Town & Pretoria: Human & Rousseau. 1970: 15. ISBN 9781868422456.
- ^ Serfontein, J.H.P. Die Verkrampte Aanslag. Cape Town & Pretoria: Human & Rousseau. 1970: 15–16. ISBN 9781868422456.
- ^ Serfontein, J.H.P. Die Verkrampte Aanslag. Cape Town & Pretoria: Human & Rousseau. 1970: 16. ISBN 9781868422456.
- ^ Wilkins, Ivor; Strydom, Hans. The Super-Afrikaners. Johannesburg & Cape Town: Jonathan Ball. 2012: 182. ISBN 978-1-86842-535-8.
- ^ Bryn Morgan. General Election results, 1 May 1997 (PDF). House of Commons Library: 6. [15 December 2016]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2016-04-17）.
- ^ Bryn Morgan. General Election results, 7 June 2001 (PDF). House of Commons Library: 11. [15 December 2016]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2015-12-22）.
- ^ Snyman, J. Hertzog HNP se geestelike vader. Hoofstad. 8 November 1982.
- ^ Afrikanervolk verloor 'n groot kampvegter. Die Patriot. 12 November 1982.
- ^ Pretorius, Estelle. Dr. Albert Hertzog: 'n lewensbeskrywing. Pretoria: Bienedell Uitgewers. 2001: 151–152. ISBN 0-9584118-5-9.